095-RAND-0074
» Citation URL: http://vegbank.org/cite/urn:lsid:cvs.bio.unc.edu:observation:21395-{358FC521-9655-430B-9B7A-2BCCFB95F1A1} » Citing info
Plot ID Fields:
Author Plot Code	095-RAND-0074
Author Observation Code	095-RAND-0074
Location Fields:	MAP: Google | Yahoo | TopoZone | MapQuest
Confidentiality Status	100 km radius (nearest degree)
Latitude	39 º
Longitude	-80 º
State or Province	West Virginia
Named Places	county: Randolph region|state|province: West Virginia
Layout Fields:
DSG Polygon	20 (X) x 20 (Y)
Shape	Square
Area	400 m²
Permanence	not permanent
Environment Fields:
Elevation	910 m
Slope Aspect	164 º
Slope Gradient	38 º
Topographic Position	Midslope
Landform	Bedrock outcrop/cliff/bluff
Surficial Deposits	limestone
Rock Type	shale
Landscape Narrative	Bishop Hodges Retreat / Camp property was logged decades ago, includes extensive exposure of limestone w/ mixed mesophytic forest. ATV trail network does not ectend to this location but go to saddle. Running Buffalo Clover found along trail coming in.;South aspect slope near end of Poundmill Run with outcrop of Greenbrier limestone. Limestone outcrops as roughly 2 m ledges with crumbly rock chutes. Mostly small trees are rooted on the rock but there is close to full canopy cover by overhanging trees, dominated by sugar maple and basswood. There is a high diversity of herbs and mosses.
Representativeness	Plot is centered on bedrock outcrop, but may also be representative of the larger sugar maple - basswood / stinging wood nettle forest below the rocks. Rock outcrop continue 3-5 X size of plot.
Hydrologic Regime	moist
Percent Bedrock	30 %
Percent Rock / Gravel	40 %
Percent Wood	5 %
Percent Litter	45 %
Percent Bare Soil	0 %
Percent Water	0 %
Percent Other	0 %
Methods Fields:
Observation Start Date	19-Aug-2014
Project	West Virginia NHP
Cover Method	Percentage (%)
Stratum Method	National Park Service
Taxon Observation Area	400 m²
Overall Taxon Cover Values are Automatically Calculated?	no
Plot Quality Fields:
Plot Validation Level	(2) classification plot: sufficient for inclusion in a classification revision
Floristic Quality	complete
Bryophyte Quality	complete (species >=1% cover)
Overall Plot Vegetation Fields:
--no data--
Misc Fields:
Observation Narrative	Acer saccharum - Tilia americana / Ostrya virginiana / Uvularia grandiflora forest; Acorns falling

Taxa occurring on this plot-observation
Change plant label: --Choose a value-- Author's plant name Original Interpretation, full Scientific Name Original Interpretation, Scientific Name without authors Original Interpretation, USDA Code Original Interpretation, Common Name Current Interpretation, full Scientific Name Current Interpretation, Scientific Name without authors Current Interpretation, USDA Code Current Interpretation, Common Name
Change Strata Shown: --choose one-- show strata show overall cover show strata + overall
ord Author Plant Name Original Interpretation, full Scientific Name Original Interpretation, Scientific Name without authors Original Interpretation, Common Name Original Interpretation, USDA Code Current Interpretation, full Scientific Name Current Interpretation, Scientific Name without authors Current Interpretation, Common Name Current Interpretation, USDA Code Stratum Cover Original Cover Code Basal Area Biomass Inference Area Stems: Stem Diameters (graphically): 1 Acer saccharum var. saccharum Acer saccharum var. saccharum **   Acer saccharum var. saccharum **   Acer saccharum var. saccharum **   Acer saccharum var. saccharum **   Acer saccharum var. saccharum **   Acer saccharum var. saccharum **   Acer saccharum var. saccharum **   Acer saccharum var. saccharum **   Canopy 60 %         DBH DBH err Ht. Ht. Err # 21 cm ± 1 cm     1 stem(s) 22 cm ± 1 cm     1 stem(s) 27 cm ± 1 cm     1 stem(s) 27 cm ± 1 cm     1 stem(s) 27 cm ± 1 cm     1 stem(s) 38 cm ± 1 cm     1 stem(s) 42 cm ± 1 cm     1 stem(s) 46 cm ± 1 cm     1 stem(s) 2 Tilia americana Tilia americana **   Tilia americana **   Tilia americana **   Tilia americana **   Tilia americana **   Tilia americana **   Tilia americana **   Tilia americana **   Canopy 30 %         -none- 3 Acer saccharum var. saccharum Acer saccharum var. saccharum **   Acer saccharum var. saccharum **   Acer saccharum var. saccharum **   Acer saccharum var. saccharum **   Acer saccharum var. saccharum **   Acer saccharum var. saccharum **   Acer saccharum var. saccharum **   Acer saccharum var. saccharum **   Sub-Canopy 20 %         DBH DBH err Ht. Ht. Err # 10 cm ± 1 cm     1 stem(s) 10 cm ± 1 cm     1 stem(s) 10 cm ± 1 cm     1 stem(s) 11 cm ± 1 cm     1 stem(s) 13 cm ± 1 cm     1 stem(s) 14 cm ± 1 cm     1 stem(s) 18 cm ± 1 cm     1 stem(s) 4 Tilia americana Tilia americana **   Tilia americana **   Tilia americana **   Tilia americana **   Tilia americana **   Tilia americana **   Tilia americana **   Tilia americana **   Sub-Canopy 10 %         DBH DBH err Ht. Ht. Err # 9 cm ± 1 cm     1 stem(s) 12 cm ± 1 cm     1 stem(s) 5 Ostrya virginiana var. virginiana Ostrya virginiana var. virginiana **   Ostrya virginiana var. virginiana **   Ostrya virginiana var. virginiana **   Ostrya virginiana var. virginiana **   Ostrya virginiana var. virginiana **   Ostrya virginiana var. virginiana **   Ostrya virginiana var. virginiana **   Ostrya virginiana var. virginiana **   Sub-Canopy 3 %         DBH DBH err Ht. Ht. Err # 15 cm ± 1 cm     1 stem(s) 6 Vitis Vitis **   Vitis **   Vitis **   Vitis **   Vitis **   Vitis **   Vitis **   Vitis **   Sub-Canopy 1 %         -none- 7 Acer saccharum var. saccharum Acer saccharum var. saccharum **   Acer saccharum var. saccharum **   Acer saccharum var. saccharum **   Acer saccharum var. saccharum **   Acer saccharum var. saccharum **   Acer saccharum var. saccharum **   Acer saccharum var. saccharum **   Acer saccharum var. saccharum **   Tall Shrub 5 %         DBH DBH err Ht. Ht. Err # 8 cm ± 1 cm     1 stem(s) 8 Ostrya virginiana var. virginiana Ostrya virginiana var. virginiana **   Ostrya virginiana var. virginiana **   Ostrya virginiana var. virginiana **   Ostrya virginiana var. virginiana **   Ostrya virginiana var. virginiana **   Ostrya virginiana var. virginiana **   Ostrya virginiana var. virginiana **   Ostrya virginiana var. virginiana **   Tall Shrub 3 %         -none- 9 Aristolochia macrophylla Aristolochia macrophylla **   Aristolochia macrophylla **   Aristolochia macrophylla **   Aristolochia macrophylla **   Aristolochia macrophylla **   Aristolochia macrophylla **   Aristolochia macrophylla **   Aristolochia macrophylla **   Tall Shrub 3 %         -none- 10 Fraxinus americana Fraxinus americana **   Fraxinus americana **   Fraxinus americana **   Fraxinus americana **   Fraxinus americana **   Fraxinus americana **   Fraxinus americana **   Fraxinus americana **   Tall Shrub 1 %         -none- 11 Carya cordiformis Carya cordiformis **   Carya cordiformis **   Carya cordiformis **   Carya cordiformis **   Carya cordiformis **   Carya cordiformis **   Carya cordiformis **   Carya cordiformis **   Tall Shrub 1 %         -none- 12 Ostrya virginiana var. virginiana Ostrya virginiana var. virginiana **   Ostrya virginiana var. virginiana **   Ostrya virginiana var. virginiana **   Ostrya virginiana var. virginiana **   Ostrya virginiana var. virginiana **   Ostrya virginiana var. virginiana **   Ostrya virginiana var. virginiana **   Ostrya virginiana var. virginiana **   Short Shrub 0.5 %         -none- 13 Carya cordiformis Carya cordiformis **   Carya cordiformis **   Carya cordiformis **   Carya cordiformis **   Carya cordiformis **   Carya cordiformis **   Carya cordiformis **   Carya cordiformis **   Short Shrub 0.5 %         -none- 14 Parthenocissus quinquefolia Parthenocissus quinquefolia **   Parthenocissus quinquefolia **   Parthenocissus quinquefolia **   Parthenocissus quinquefolia **   Parthenocissus quinquefolia **   Parthenocissus quinquefolia **   Parthenocissus quinquefolia **   Parthenocissus quinquefolia **   Short Shrub 0.5 %         -none- 15 Ribes Ribes **   Ribes **   Ribes **   Ribes **   Ribes **   Ribes **   Ribes **   Ribes **   Short Shrub 0.5 %         -none- 16 Smilax tamnoides Smilax tamnoides **   Smilax tamnoides **   Smilax tamnoides **   Smilax tamnoides **   Smilax tamnoides **   Smilax tamnoides **   Smilax tamnoides **   Smilax tamnoides **   Short Shrub 0.00999999977648258 %         -none- 17 Quercus prinus Quercus prinus **   Quercus prinus **   Quercus prinus **   Quercus prinus **   Quercus prinus **   Quercus prinus **   Quercus prinus **   Quercus prinus **   Short Shrub 0.00999999977648258 %         -none- 18 Prunus serotina var. serotina Prunus serotina var. serotina **   Prunus serotina var. serotina **   Prunus serotina var. serotina **   Prunus serotina var. serotina **   Prunus serotina var. serotina **   Prunus serotina var. serotina **   Prunus serotina var. serotina **   Prunus serotina var. serotina **   Short Shrub 0.00999999977648258 %         -none- 19 Crataegus Crataegus **   Crataegus **   Crataegus **   Crataegus **   Crataegus **   Crataegus **   Crataegus **   Crataegus **   Short Shrub 0.00999999977648258 %         -none- 20 Quercus rubra Quercus rubra **   Quercus rubra **   Quercus rubra **   Quercus rubra **   Quercus rubra **   Quercus rubra **   Quercus rubra **   Quercus rubra **   Short Shrub 0.00999999977648258 %         -none- 21 Thalictrum Thalictrum **   Thalictrum **   Thalictrum **   Thalictrum **   Thalictrum **   Thalictrum **   Thalictrum **   Thalictrum **   Herbaceous 2 %         -none- 22 Uvularia grandiflora Uvularia grandiflora **   Uvularia grandiflora **   Uvularia grandiflora **   Uvularia grandiflora **   Uvularia grandiflora **   Uvularia grandiflora **   Uvularia grandiflora **   Uvularia grandiflora **   Herbaceous 2 %         -none- 23 Solidago flexicaulis Solidago flexicaulis **   Solidago flexicaulis **   Solidago flexicaulis **   Solidago flexicaulis **   Solidago flexicaulis **   Solidago flexicaulis **   Solidago flexicaulis **   Solidago flexicaulis **   Herbaceous 1 %         -none- 24 Maianthemum racemosum ssp. racemosum Maianthemum racemosum ssp. racemosum **   Maianthemum racemosum ssp. racemosum **   Maianthemum racemosum ssp. racemosum **   Maianthemum racemosum ssp. racemosum **   Maianthemum racemosum ssp. racemosum **   Maianthemum racemosum ssp. racemosum **   Maianthemum racemosum ssp. racemosum **   Maianthemum racemosum ssp. racemosum **   Herbaceous 1 %         -none- 25 Muhlenbergia tenuiflora Muhlenbergia tenuiflora **   Muhlenbergia tenuiflora **   Muhlenbergia tenuiflora **   Muhlenbergia tenuiflora **   Muhlenbergia tenuiflora **   Muhlenbergia tenuiflora **   Muhlenbergia tenuiflora **   Muhlenbergia tenuiflora **   Herbaceous 1 %         -none- 26 Zizia aptera Zizia aptera **   Zizia aptera **   Zizia aptera **   Zizia aptera **   Zizia aptera **   Zizia aptera **   Zizia aptera **   Zizia aptera **   Herbaceous 1 %         -none- 27 Sanicula canadensis Sanicula canadensis **   Sanicula canadensis **   Sanicula canadensis **   Sanicula canadensis **   Sanicula canadensis **   Sanicula canadensis **   Sanicula canadensis **   Sanicula canadensis **   Herbaceous 1 %         -none- 28 Brachyelytrum erectum Brachyelytrum erectum **   Brachyelytrum erectum **   Brachyelytrum erectum **   Brachyelytrum erectum **   Brachyelytrum erectum **   Brachyelytrum erectum **   Brachyelytrum erectum **   Brachyelytrum erectum **   Herbaceous 1 %         -none- 29 Prosartes lanuginosa Prosartes lanuginosa **   Prosartes lanuginosa **   Prosartes lanuginosa **   Prosartes lanuginosa **   Prosartes lanuginosa **   Prosartes lanuginosa **   Prosartes lanuginosa **   Prosartes lanuginosa **   Herbaceous 1 %         -none- 30 Dioscorea quaternata Dioscorea quaternata **   Dioscorea quaternata **   Dioscorea quaternata **   Dioscorea quaternata **   Dioscorea quaternata **   Dioscorea quaternata **   Dioscorea quaternata **   Dioscorea quaternata **   Herbaceous 1 %         -none- 31 Carex laxiflora Carex laxiflora **   Carex laxiflora **   Carex laxiflora **   Carex laxiflora **   Carex laxiflora **   Carex laxiflora **   Carex laxiflora **   Carex laxiflora **   Herbaceous 0.5 %         -none- 32 Eurybia divaricata Eurybia divaricata **   Eurybia divaricata **   Eurybia divaricata **   Eurybia divaricata **   Eurybia divaricata **   Eurybia divaricata **   Eurybia divaricata **   Eurybia divaricata **   Herbaceous 0.5 %         -none- 33 Elymus hystrix Elymus hystrix **   Elymus hystrix **   Elymus hystrix **   Elymus hystrix **   Elymus hystrix **   Elymus hystrix **   Elymus hystrix **   Elymus hystrix **   Herbaceous 0.5 %         -none- 34 Carex blanda Carex blanda **   Carex blanda **   Carex blanda **   Carex blanda **   Carex blanda **   Carex blanda **   Carex blanda **   Carex blanda **   Herbaceous 0.5 %         -none- 35 Asclepias quadrifolia Asclepias quadrifolia **   Asclepias quadrifolia **   Asclepias quadrifolia **   Asclepias quadrifolia **   Asclepias quadrifolia **   Asclepias quadrifolia **   Asclepias quadrifolia **   Asclepias quadrifolia **   Herbaceous 0.5 %         -none- 36 Eupatorium purpureum var. purpureum Eupatorium purpureum var. purpureum **   Eupatorium purpureum var. purpureum **   Eupatorium purpureum var. purpureum **   Eupatorium purpureum var. purpureum **   Eupatorium purpureum var. purpureum **   Eupatorium purpureum var. purpureum **   Eupatorium purpureum var. purpureum **   Eupatorium purpureum var. purpureum **   Herbaceous 0.5 %         -none- 37 Geranium maculatum Geranium maculatum **   Geranium maculatum **   Geranium maculatum **   Geranium maculatum **   Geranium maculatum **   Geranium maculatum **   Geranium maculatum **   Geranium maculatum **   Herbaceous 0.5 %         -none- 38 Taenidia integerrima Taenidia integerrima **   Taenidia integerrima **   Taenidia integerrima **   Taenidia integerrima **   Taenidia integerrima **   Taenidia integerrima **   Taenidia integerrima **   Taenidia integerrima **   Herbaceous 0.5 %         -none- 39 Solidago caesia Solidago caesia **   Solidago caesia **   Solidago caesia **   Solidago caesia **   Solidago caesia **   Solidago caesia **   Solidago caesia **   Solidago caesia **   Herbaceous 0.5 %         -none- 40 Asclepias exaltata Asclepias exaltata **   Asclepias exaltata **   Asclepias exaltata **   Asclepias exaltata **   Asclepias exaltata **   Asclepias exaltata **   Asclepias exaltata **   Asclepias exaltata **   Herbaceous 0.5 %         -none- 41 Agrimonia Agrimonia **   Agrimonia **   Agrimonia **   Agrimonia **   Agrimonia **   Agrimonia **   Agrimonia **   Agrimonia **   Herbaceous 0.5 %         -none- 42 Viola Viola **   Viola **   Viola **   Viola **   Viola **   Viola **   Viola **   Viola **   Herbaceous 0.5 %         -none- 43 Phryma leptostachya Phryma leptostachya **   Phryma leptostachya **   Phryma leptostachya **   Phryma leptostachya **   Phryma leptostachya **   Phryma leptostachya **   Phryma leptostachya **   Phryma leptostachya **   Herbaceous 0.5 %         -none- 44 Solidago arguta Solidago arguta **   Solidago arguta **   Solidago arguta **   Solidago arguta **   Solidago arguta **   Solidago arguta **   Solidago arguta **   Solidago arguta **   Herbaceous 0.5 %         -none- 45 Bromus pubescens Bromus pubescens **   Bromus pubescens **   Bromus pubescens **   Bromus pubescens **   Bromus pubescens **   Bromus pubescens **   Bromus pubescens **   Bromus pubescens **   Herbaceous 0.5 %         -none- 46 Symphyotrichum Symphyotrichum **   Symphyotrichum **   Symphyotrichum **   Symphyotrichum **   Symphyotrichum **   Symphyotrichum **   Symphyotrichum **   Symphyotrichum **   Herbaceous 0.5 %         -none- 47 Collinsonia canadensis Collinsonia canadensis **   Collinsonia canadensis **   Collinsonia canadensis **   Collinsonia canadensis **   Collinsonia canadensis **   Collinsonia canadensis **   Collinsonia canadensis **   Collinsonia canadensis **   Herbaceous 0.5 %         -none- 48 Helianthus Helianthus **   Helianthus **   Helianthus **   Helianthus **   Helianthus **   Helianthus **   Helianthus **   Helianthus **   Herbaceous 0.5 %         -none- 49 Polygonatum pubescens Polygonatum pubescens **   Polygonatum pubescens **   Polygonatum pubescens **   Polygonatum pubescens **   Polygonatum pubescens **   Polygonatum pubescens **   Polygonatum pubescens **   Polygonatum pubescens **   Herbaceous 0.5 %         -none- 50 Arisaema triphyllum ssp. triphyllum Arisaema triphyllum ssp. triphyllum **   Arisaema triphyllum ssp. triphyllum **   Arisaema triphyllum ssp. triphyllum **   Arisaema triphyllum ssp. triphyllum **   Arisaema triphyllum ssp. triphyllum **   Arisaema triphyllum ssp. triphyllum **   Arisaema triphyllum ssp. triphyllum **   Arisaema triphyllum ssp. triphyllum **   Herbaceous 0.5 %         -none- 51 Botrychium virginianum Botrychium virginianum **   Botrychium virginianum **   Botrychium virginianum **   Botrychium virginianum **   Botrychium virginianum **   Botrychium virginianum **   Botrychium virginianum **   Botrychium virginianum **   Herbaceous 0.5 %         -none- 52 Polystichum acrostichoides Polystichum acrostichoides **   Polystichum acrostichoides **   Polystichum acrostichoides **   Polystichum acrostichoides **   Polystichum acrostichoides **   Polystichum acrostichoides **   Polystichum acrostichoides **   Polystichum acrostichoides **   Herbaceous 0.00999999977648258 %         -none- 53 Monarda Monarda **   Monarda **   Monarda **   Monarda **   Monarda **   Monarda **   Monarda **   Monarda **   Herbaceous 0.00999999977648258 %         -none- 54 Clematis Clematis **   Clematis **   Clematis **   Clematis **   Clematis **   Clematis **   Clematis **   Clematis **   Herbaceous 0.00999999977648258 %         -none- 55 Hieracium paniculatum Hieracium paniculatum **   Hieracium paniculatum **   Hieracium paniculatum **   Hieracium paniculatum **   Hieracium paniculatum **   Hieracium paniculatum **   Hieracium paniculatum **   Hieracium paniculatum **   Herbaceous 0.00999999977648258 %         -none- 56 Amphicarpaea bracteata Amphicarpaea bracteata **   Amphicarpaea bracteata **   Amphicarpaea bracteata **   Amphicarpaea bracteata **   Amphicarpaea bracteata **   Amphicarpaea bracteata **   Amphicarpaea bracteata **   Amphicarpaea bracteata **   Herbaceous 0.00999999977648258 %         -none- 57 Trillium Trillium **   Trillium **   Trillium **   Trillium **   Trillium **   Trillium **   Trillium **   Trillium **   Herbaceous 0.00999999977648258 %         -none- 58 Potentilla simplex Potentilla simplex **   Potentilla simplex **   Potentilla simplex **   Potentilla simplex **   Potentilla simplex **   Potentilla simplex **   Potentilla simplex **   Potentilla simplex **   Herbaceous 0.00999999977648258 %         -none- 59 Galium latifolium Galium latifolium **   Galium latifolium **   Galium latifolium **   Galium latifolium **   Galium latifolium **   Galium latifolium **   Galium latifolium **   Galium latifolium **   Herbaceous 0.00999999977648258 %         -none- 60 Carex albursina Carex albursina **   Carex albursina **   Carex albursina **   Carex albursina **   Carex albursina **   Carex albursina **   Carex albursina **   Carex albursina **   Herbaceous 0.00999999977648258 %         -none- 61 black moss on limestone black moss on limestone **   black moss on limestone **   black moss on limestone **   black moss on limestone **   black moss on limestone **   black moss on limestone **   black moss on limestone **   black moss on limestone **   Nonvascular 5 %         -none- 62 Anomodon Anomodon **   Anomodon **   Anomodon **   Anomodon **   Anomodon **   Anomodon **   Anomodon **   Anomodon **   Nonvascular 1 %         -none- 63 moss moss **   moss **   moss **   moss **   moss **   moss **   moss **   moss **   Nonvascular 1 %         -none- 64 Lepraria finkii Lepraria finkii **   Lepraria finkii **   Lepraria finkii **   Lepraria finkii **   Lepraria finkii **   Lepraria finkii **   Lepraria finkii **   Lepraria finkii **   Nonvascular 1 %         -none- 65 Bagliettoa baldensis Bagliettoa baldensis **   Bagliettoa baldensis **   Bagliettoa baldensis **   Bagliettoa baldensis **   Bagliettoa baldensis **   Bagliettoa baldensis **   Bagliettoa baldensis **   Bagliettoa baldensis **   Nonvascular 0.5 %         -none- 66 Placynthium nigrum Placynthium nigrum **   Placynthium nigrum **   Placynthium nigrum **   Placynthium nigrum **   Placynthium nigrum **   Placynthium nigrum **   Placynthium nigrum **   Placynthium nigrum **   Nonvascular 0.5 %         -none- 67 Caloplaca flavovirescens Caloplaca flavovirescens **   Caloplaca flavovirescens **   Caloplaca flavovirescens **   Caloplaca flavovirescens **   Caloplaca flavovirescens **   Caloplaca flavovirescens **   Caloplaca flavovirescens **   Caloplaca flavovirescens **   Nonvascular 0.5 %         -none- 68 Acer saccharum var. saccharum Acer saccharum var. saccharum **   Acer saccharum var. saccharum **   Acer saccharum var. saccharum **   Acer saccharum var. saccharum **   Acer saccharum var. saccharum **   Acer saccharum var. saccharum **   Acer saccharum var. saccharum **   Acer saccharum var. saccharum **   Tree 80 %         -none- 69 Tilia americana Tilia americana **   Tilia americana **   Tilia americana **   Tilia americana **   Tilia americana **   Tilia americana **   Tilia americana **   Tilia americana **   Tree 40 %         -none- 70 Ostrya virginiana var. virginiana Ostrya virginiana var. virginiana **   Ostrya virginiana var. virginiana **   Ostrya virginiana var. virginiana **   Ostrya virginiana var. virginiana **   Ostrya virginiana var. virginiana **   Ostrya virginiana var. virginiana **   Ostrya virginiana var. virginiana **   Ostrya virginiana var. virginiana **   Tree 6 %         -none-
This table is SORTABLE. Click the headers to sort ascending and descending.

Stratum Definitions:
Stratum Type Stratum Base Stratum Height Stratum Cover Herbaceous     20 % Short Shrub 0.5 m 1 m 3 % Tall Shrub 2 m 5 m 20 % Sub-Canopy 10 m 15 m 30 % Canopy 20 m 35 m 90 % Tree       Nonvascular     20 %
This table is SORTABLE. Click the headers to sort ascending and descending.