051-08-0251
» Citation URL: http://vegbank.org/cite/urn:lsid:cvs.bio.unc.edu:observation:5942-{7D07B6C8-A5DF-477C-B58B-77D7CDC5DA38} » Citing info
Plot ID Fields:
Author Plot Code	051-08-0251
Author Observation Code	051-08-0251
Location Fields:	MAP: Google | Yahoo | TopoZone | MapQuest
Location Accuracy	25 m
Confidentiality Status	exact location
Latitude	33.04216313 º
Longitude	-79.70971368 º
Author Location	Francis Marion National Forest
Location Narrative	just south of plot 250
State or Province	South Carolina
Country	United States
Named Places	quadrangle: Ocean Bay region|state|province: South Carolina area|country|territory: United States county: Charleston Geographic Name: Eastern Coastal Plain Geographic Name: Francis Marion National Forest
Layout Fields:
Azimuth	95 º
Shape	Rectangular
Area	500 m²
Permanence	permanent plot
Environment Fields:
Elevation	18 m
Soil Taxon	RUTLEGE
Methods Fields:
Observation Start Date	01-Jul-2003 ± exact
Observation End Date	01-Jul-2003 ± exact
Date Accuracy	exact
Project	Carolina Vegetation Survey (51): FMNF Cypress Depression
Cover Method	Carolina Vegetation Survey
Stratum Method	No Strata
Stem Size Limit	0 cm
Method Narrative	Carolina Vegetation Survey Standard Sampling Method. See http://www.bio.unc.edu/faculty/peet/lab/CVS/ for more information.
Taxon Observation Area	500 m²
Cover Dispersion	subplot-contiguous
Overall Taxon Cover Values are Automatically Calculated?	yes
Stem Observation Area	500 m²
Stem Sample Method	Full census
Plot Quality Fields:
Plot Validation Level	(2) classification plot: sufficient for inclusion in a classification revision
Overall Plot Vegetation Fields:
--no data--
Misc Fields:
--no data--

Taxa occurring on this plot-observation
Change plant label: --Choose a value-- Author's plant name Original Interpretation, full Scientific Name Original Interpretation, Scientific Name without authors Original Interpretation, USDA Code Original Interpretation, Common Name Current Interpretation, full Scientific Name Current Interpretation, Scientific Name without authors Current Interpretation, USDA Code Current Interpretation, Common Name
Change Strata Shown: --choose one-- show strata show overall cover show strata + overall
ord Author Plant Name Original Interpretation, full Scientific Name Original Interpretation, Scientific Name without authors Original Interpretation, Common Name Original Interpretation, USDA Code Current Interpretation, full Scientific Name Current Interpretation, Scientific Name without authors Current Interpretation, Common Name Current Interpretation, USDA Code Stratum Cover Original Cover Code Basal Area Biomass Inference Area Stems: Stem Diameters (graphically): 1 Taxodium ascendens Brongn. Taxodium ascendens Brongn. **   Taxodium ascendens Brongn. **   Taxodium ascendens Brongn. **   Taxodium ascendens Brongn. **   Taxodium ascendens Brongn. **   Taxodium ascendens Brongn. **   Taxodium ascendens Brongn. **   Taxodium ascendens Brongn. **   module 17.5 % 6     100 m² DBH DBH err Ht. Ht. Err # 12.5 cm ± 2.5 cm     6 stem(s) 17.5 cm ± 2.5 cm     5 stem(s) 22.5 cm ± 2.5 cm     1 stem(s) 2 Woodwardia virginica (L.) Sm. Woodwardia virginica (L.) Sm. **   Woodwardia virginica (L.) Sm. **   Woodwardia virginica (L.) Sm. **   Woodwardia virginica (L.) Sm. **   Woodwardia virginica (L.) Sm. **   Woodwardia virginica (L.) Sm. **   Woodwardia virginica (L.) Sm. **   Woodwardia virginica (L.) Sm. **   module 17.5 % 6     100 m² -none- 3 Eleocharis tortilis (Link) J.A. Schultes Eleocharis tortilis (Link) J.A. Schultes **   Eleocharis tortilis (Link) J.A. Schultes **   Eleocharis tortilis (Link) J.A. Schultes **   Eleocharis tortilis (Link) J.A. Schultes **   Eleocharis tortilis (Link) J.A. Schultes **   Eleocharis tortilis (Link) J.A. Schultes **   Eleocharis tortilis (Link) J.A. Schultes **   Eleocharis tortilis (Link) J.A. Schultes **   module 7.5 % 5     100 m² -none- 4 Andropogon capillipes Nash Andropogon capillipes Nash **   Andropogon capillipes Nash **   Andropogon capillipes Nash **   Andropogon capillipes Nash **   Andropogon capillipes Nash **   Andropogon capillipes Nash **   Andropogon capillipes Nash **   Andropogon capillipes Nash **   module 7.5 % 5     100 m² -none- 5 Rhynchospora filifolia Gray Rhynchospora filifolia Gray **   Rhynchospora filifolia Gray **   Rhynchospora filifolia Gray **   Rhynchospora filifolia Gray **   Rhynchospora filifolia Gray **   Rhynchospora filifolia Gray **   Rhynchospora filifolia Gray **   Rhynchospora filifolia Gray **   module 3.5 % 4     100 m² -none- 6 Andropogon L. sp. Andropogon L. sp. **   Andropogon L. sp. **   Andropogon L. sp. **   Andropogon L. sp. **   Andropogon L. sp. **   Andropogon L. sp. **   Andropogon L. sp. **   Andropogon L. sp. **   module 3.5 % 4     100 m² -none- 7 Rhynchospora gracilenta Gray Rhynchospora gracilenta Gray **   Rhynchospora gracilenta Gray **   Rhynchospora gracilenta Gray **   Rhynchospora gracilenta Gray **   Rhynchospora gracilenta Gray **   Rhynchospora gracilenta Gray **   Rhynchospora gracilenta Gray **   Rhynchospora gracilenta Gray **   module 3.5 % 4     100 m² -none- 8 Rhynchospora tracyi Britt. Rhynchospora tracyi Britt. **   Rhynchospora tracyi Britt. **   Rhynchospora tracyi Britt. **   Rhynchospora tracyi Britt. **   Rhynchospora tracyi Britt. **   Rhynchospora tracyi Britt. **   Rhynchospora tracyi Britt. **   Rhynchospora tracyi Britt. **   module 1.5 % 3     100 m² -none- 9 Smilax laurifolia L. Smilax laurifolia L. **   Smilax laurifolia L. **   Smilax laurifolia L. **   Smilax laurifolia L. **   Smilax laurifolia L. **   Smilax laurifolia L. **   Smilax laurifolia L. **   Smilax laurifolia L. **   module 1.5 % 3     100 m² DBH DBH err Ht. Ht. Err # 0.5 cm ± 0.5 cm     3 stem(s) 10 Paspalum praecox Walt. Paspalum praecox Walt. **   Paspalum praecox Walt. **   Paspalum praecox Walt. **   Paspalum praecox Walt. **   Paspalum praecox Walt. **   Paspalum praecox Walt. **   Paspalum praecox Walt. **   Paspalum praecox Walt. **   module 1.5 % 3     100 m² -none- 11 Dichanthelium (A.S. Hitchc. & Chase) Gould sp. Dichanthelium (A.S. Hitchc. & Chase) Gould sp. **   Dichanthelium (A.S. Hitchc. & Chase) Gould sp. **   Dichanthelium (A.S. Hitchc. & Chase) Gould sp. **   Dichanthelium (A.S. Hitchc. & Chase) Gould sp. **   Dichanthelium (A.S. Hitchc. & Chase) Gould sp. **   Dichanthelium (A.S. Hitchc. & Chase) Gould sp. **   Dichanthelium (A.S. Hitchc. & Chase) Gould sp. **   Dichanthelium (A.S. Hitchc. & Chase) Gould sp. **   module 1.5 % 3     100 m² -none- 12 Persea palustris (Raf.) Sarg. Persea palustris (Raf.) Sarg. **   Persea palustris (Raf.) Sarg. **   Persea palustris (Raf.) Sarg. **   Persea palustris (Raf.) Sarg. **   Persea palustris (Raf.) Sarg. **   Persea palustris (Raf.) Sarg. **   Persea palustris (Raf.) Sarg. **   Persea palustris (Raf.) Sarg. **   module 1.5 % 3     100 m² -none- 13 Carex glaucescens Ell. Carex glaucescens Ell. **   Carex glaucescens Ell. **   Carex glaucescens Ell. **   Carex glaucescens Ell. **   Carex glaucescens Ell. **   Carex glaucescens Ell. **   Carex glaucescens Ell. **   Carex glaucescens Ell. **   module 1.5 % 3     100 m² -none- 14 Eriocaulon compressum Lam. Eriocaulon compressum Lam. **   Eriocaulon compressum Lam. **   Eriocaulon compressum Lam. **   Eriocaulon compressum Lam. **   Eriocaulon compressum Lam. **   Eriocaulon compressum Lam. **   Eriocaulon compressum Lam. **   Eriocaulon compressum Lam. **   module 0.505 % 2     100 m² -none- 15 Eupatorium leucolepis (DC.) Torr. & Gray var. leucolepis Eupatorium leucolepis (DC.) Torr. & Gray var. leucolepis **   Eupatorium leucolepis (DC.) Torr. & Gray var. leucolepis **   Eupatorium leucolepis (DC.) Torr. & Gray var. leucolepis **   Eupatorium leucolepis (DC.) Torr. & Gray var. leucolepis **   Eupatorium leucolepis (DC.) Torr. & Gray var. leucolepis **   Eupatorium leucolepis (DC.) Torr. & Gray var. leucolepis **   Eupatorium leucolepis (DC.) Torr. & Gray var. leucolepis **   Eupatorium leucolepis (DC.) Torr. & Gray var. leucolepis **   module 0.505 % 2     100 m² -none- 16 Sagittaria graminea Michx. Sagittaria graminea Michx. **   Sagittaria graminea Michx. **   Sagittaria graminea Michx. **   Sagittaria graminea Michx. **   Sagittaria graminea Michx. **   Sagittaria graminea Michx. **   Sagittaria graminea Michx. **   Sagittaria graminea Michx. **   module 0.505 % 2     100 m² -none- 17 Panicum L. sp. Panicum L. sp. **   Panicum L. sp. **   Panicum L. sp. **   Panicum L. sp. **   Panicum L. sp. **   Panicum L. sp. **   Panicum L. sp. **   Panicum L. sp. **   module 0.505 % 2     100 m² -none- 18 Rhynchospora rariflora (Michx.) Ell. Rhynchospora rariflora (Michx.) Ell. **   Rhynchospora rariflora (Michx.) Ell. **   Rhynchospora rariflora (Michx.) Ell. **   Rhynchospora rariflora (Michx.) Ell. **   Rhynchospora rariflora (Michx.) Ell. **   Rhynchospora rariflora (Michx.) Ell. **   Rhynchospora rariflora (Michx.) Ell. **   Rhynchospora rariflora (Michx.) Ell. **   module 0.505 % 2     100 m² -none- 19 Polygala cymosa Walt. Polygala cymosa Walt. **   Polygala cymosa Walt. **   Polygala cymosa Walt. **   Polygala cymosa Walt. **   Polygala cymosa Walt. **   Polygala cymosa Walt. **   Polygala cymosa Walt. **   Polygala cymosa Walt. **   module 0.505 % 2     100 m² -none- 20 Nyssa biflora Walt. Nyssa biflora Walt. **   Nyssa biflora Walt. **   Nyssa biflora Walt. **   Nyssa biflora Walt. **   Nyssa biflora Walt. **   Nyssa biflora Walt. **   Nyssa biflora Walt. **   Nyssa biflora Walt. **   module 0.505 % 2     100 m² -none- 21 Xyris L. sp. Xyris L. sp. **   Xyris L. sp. **   Xyris L. sp. **   Xyris L. sp. **   Xyris L. sp. **   Xyris L. sp. **   Xyris L. sp. **   Xyris L. sp. **   module 0.505 % 2     100 m² -none- 22 Rhynchospora Vahl sp. Rhynchospora Vahl sp. **   Rhynchospora Vahl sp. **   Rhynchospora Vahl sp. **   Rhynchospora Vahl sp. **   Rhynchospora Vahl sp. **   Rhynchospora Vahl sp. **   Rhynchospora Vahl sp. **   Rhynchospora Vahl sp. **   module 0.505 % 2     100 m² -none- 23 Acer rubrum L. Acer rubrum L. **   Acer rubrum L. **   Acer rubrum L. **   Acer rubrum L. **   Acer rubrum L. **   Acer rubrum L. **   Acer rubrum L. **   Acer rubrum L. **   module 0.05 % 1     100 m² -none- 24 Panicum hemitomon J.A. Schultes Panicum hemitomon J.A. Schultes **   Panicum hemitomon J.A. Schultes **   Panicum hemitomon J.A. Schultes **   Panicum hemitomon J.A. Schultes **   Panicum hemitomon J.A. Schultes **   Panicum hemitomon J.A. Schultes **   Panicum hemitomon J.A. Schultes **   Panicum hemitomon J.A. Schultes **   module 0.05 % 1     100 m² -none- 25 Spiranthes laciniata (Small) Ames Spiranthes laciniata (Small) Ames **   Spiranthes laciniata (Small) Ames **   Spiranthes laciniata (Small) Ames **   Spiranthes laciniata (Small) Ames **   Spiranthes laciniata (Small) Ames **   Spiranthes laciniata (Small) Ames **   Spiranthes laciniata (Small) Ames **   Spiranthes laciniata (Small) Ames **   module 0.05 % 1     100 m² -none- 26 Woodwardia virginica (L.) Sm. Woodwardia virginica (L.) Sm. **   Woodwardia virginica (L.) Sm. **   Woodwardia virginica (L.) Sm. **   Woodwardia virginica (L.) Sm. **   Woodwardia virginica (L.) Sm. **   Woodwardia virginica (L.) Sm. **   Woodwardia virginica (L.) Sm. **   Woodwardia virginica (L.) Sm. **   module 62.5 % 8     100 m² -none- 27 Taxodium ascendens Brongn. Taxodium ascendens Brongn. **   Taxodium ascendens Brongn. **   Taxodium ascendens Brongn. **   Taxodium ascendens Brongn. **   Taxodium ascendens Brongn. **   Taxodium ascendens Brongn. **   Taxodium ascendens Brongn. **   Taxodium ascendens Brongn. **   module 37.5 % 7     100 m² DBH DBH err Ht. Ht. Err # 12.5 cm ± 2.5 cm     5 stem(s) 17.5 cm ± 2.5 cm     7 stem(s) 22.5 cm ± 2.5 cm     2 stem(s) 28 Sagittaria graminea Michx. Sagittaria graminea Michx. **   Sagittaria graminea Michx. **   Sagittaria graminea Michx. **   Sagittaria graminea Michx. **   Sagittaria graminea Michx. **   Sagittaria graminea Michx. **   Sagittaria graminea Michx. **   Sagittaria graminea Michx. **   module 7.5 % 5     100 m² -none- 29 Persea palustris (Raf.) Sarg. Persea palustris (Raf.) Sarg. **   Persea palustris (Raf.) Sarg. **   Persea palustris (Raf.) Sarg. **   Persea palustris (Raf.) Sarg. **   Persea palustris (Raf.) Sarg. **   Persea palustris (Raf.) Sarg. **   Persea palustris (Raf.) Sarg. **   Persea palustris (Raf.) Sarg. **   module 1.5 % 3     100 m² DBH DBH err Ht. Ht. Err # 0.5 cm ± 0.5 cm     2 stem(s) 30 Smilax laurifolia L. Smilax laurifolia L. **   Smilax laurifolia L. **   Smilax laurifolia L. **   Smilax laurifolia L. **   Smilax laurifolia L. **   Smilax laurifolia L. **   Smilax laurifolia L. **   Smilax laurifolia L. **   module 1.5 % 3     100 m² DBH DBH err Ht. Ht. Err # 0.5 cm ± 0.5 cm     5 stem(s) 31 Rhynchospora rariflora (Michx.) Ell. Rhynchospora rariflora (Michx.) Ell. **   Rhynchospora rariflora (Michx.) Ell. **   Rhynchospora rariflora (Michx.) Ell. **   Rhynchospora rariflora (Michx.) Ell. **   Rhynchospora rariflora (Michx.) Ell. **   Rhynchospora rariflora (Michx.) Ell. **   Rhynchospora rariflora (Michx.) Ell. **   Rhynchospora rariflora (Michx.) Ell. **   module 1.5 % 3     100 m² -none- 32 Eleocharis tortilis (Link) J.A. Schultes Eleocharis tortilis (Link) J.A. Schultes **   Eleocharis tortilis (Link) J.A. Schultes **   Eleocharis tortilis (Link) J.A. Schultes **   Eleocharis tortilis (Link) J.A. Schultes **   Eleocharis tortilis (Link) J.A. Schultes **   Eleocharis tortilis (Link) J.A. Schultes **   Eleocharis tortilis (Link) J.A. Schultes **   Eleocharis tortilis (Link) J.A. Schultes **   module 1.5 % 3     100 m² -none- 33 Carex glaucescens Ell. Carex glaucescens Ell. **   Carex glaucescens Ell. **   Carex glaucescens Ell. **   Carex glaucescens Ell. **   Carex glaucescens Ell. **   Carex glaucescens Ell. **   Carex glaucescens Ell. **   Carex glaucescens Ell. **   module 1.5 % 3     100 m² -none- 34 Nyssa biflora Walt. Nyssa biflora Walt. **   Nyssa biflora Walt. **   Nyssa biflora Walt. **   Nyssa biflora Walt. **   Nyssa biflora Walt. **   Nyssa biflora Walt. **   Nyssa biflora Walt. **   Nyssa biflora Walt. **   module 0.505 % 2     100 m² -none- 35 Xyris L. sp. Xyris L. sp. **   Xyris L. sp. **   Xyris L. sp. **   Xyris L. sp. **   Xyris L. sp. **   Xyris L. sp. **   Xyris L. sp. **   Xyris L. sp. **   module 0.505 % 2     100 m² -none- 36 Andropogon capillipes Nash Andropogon capillipes Nash **   Andropogon capillipes Nash **   Andropogon capillipes Nash **   Andropogon capillipes Nash **   Andropogon capillipes Nash **   Andropogon capillipes Nash **   Andropogon capillipes Nash **   Andropogon capillipes Nash **   module 0.505 % 2     100 m² -none- 37 Rhynchospora gracilenta Gray Rhynchospora gracilenta Gray **   Rhynchospora gracilenta Gray **   Rhynchospora gracilenta Gray **   Rhynchospora gracilenta Gray **   Rhynchospora gracilenta Gray **   Rhynchospora gracilenta Gray **   Rhynchospora gracilenta Gray **   Rhynchospora gracilenta Gray **   module 0.505 % 2     100 m² -none- 38 Eupatorium leucolepis (DC.) Torr. & Gray var. leucolepis Eupatorium leucolepis (DC.) Torr. & Gray var. leucolepis **   Eupatorium leucolepis (DC.) Torr. & Gray var. leucolepis **   Eupatorium leucolepis (DC.) Torr. & Gray var. leucolepis **   Eupatorium leucolepis (DC.) Torr. & Gray var. leucolepis **   Eupatorium leucolepis (DC.) Torr. & Gray var. leucolepis **   Eupatorium leucolepis (DC.) Torr. & Gray var. leucolepis **   Eupatorium leucolepis (DC.) Torr. & Gray var. leucolepis **   Eupatorium leucolepis (DC.) Torr. & Gray var. leucolepis **   module 0.505 % 2     100 m² -none- 39 Acer rubrum L. Acer rubrum L. **   Acer rubrum L. **   Acer rubrum L. **   Acer rubrum L. **   Acer rubrum L. **   Acer rubrum L. **   Acer rubrum L. **   Acer rubrum L. **   module 0.505 % 2     100 m² -none- 40 Dichanthelium (A.S. Hitchc. & Chase) Gould sp. Dichanthelium (A.S. Hitchc. & Chase) Gould sp. **   Dichanthelium (A.S. Hitchc. & Chase) Gould sp. **   Dichanthelium (A.S. Hitchc. & Chase) Gould sp. **   Dichanthelium (A.S. Hitchc. & Chase) Gould sp. **   Dichanthelium (A.S. Hitchc. & Chase) Gould sp. **   Dichanthelium (A.S. Hitchc. & Chase) Gould sp. **   Dichanthelium (A.S. Hitchc. & Chase) Gould sp. **   Dichanthelium (A.S. Hitchc. & Chase) Gould sp. **   module 0.505 % 2     100 m² -none- 41 Lobelia L. sp. Lobelia L. sp. **   Lobelia L. sp. **   Lobelia L. sp. **   Lobelia L. sp. **   Lobelia L. sp. **   Lobelia L. sp. **   Lobelia L. sp. **   Lobelia L. sp. **   module 0.05 % 1     100 m² -none- 42 Taxodium ascendens Brongn. Taxodium ascendens Brongn. **   Taxodium ascendens Brongn. **   Taxodium ascendens Brongn. **   Taxodium ascendens Brongn. **   Taxodium ascendens Brongn. **   Taxodium ascendens Brongn. **   Taxodium ascendens Brongn. **   Taxodium ascendens Brongn. **   module           DBH DBH err Ht. Ht. Err # 1.75 cm ± 0.75 cm     1 stem(s) 3.75 cm ± 1.25 cm     4 stem(s) 7.5 cm ± 2.5 cm     5 stem(s) 12.5 cm ± 2.5 cm     7 stem(s) 17.5 cm ± 2.5 cm     15 stem(s) 22.5 cm ± 2.5 cm     6 stem(s) 27.5 cm ± 2.5 cm     3 stem(s) 32.5 cm ± 2.5 cm     1 stem(s) 43 Smilax laurifolia L. Smilax laurifolia L. **   Smilax laurifolia L. **   Smilax laurifolia L. **   Smilax laurifolia L. **   Smilax laurifolia L. **   Smilax laurifolia L. **   Smilax laurifolia L. **   Smilax laurifolia L. **   module           DBH DBH err Ht. Ht. Err # 0.5 cm ± 0.5 cm     21 stem(s) 44 Acer rubrum L. Acer rubrum L. **   Acer rubrum L. **   Acer rubrum L. **   Acer rubrum L. **   Acer rubrum L. **   Acer rubrum L. **   Acer rubrum L. **   Acer rubrum L. **   module           -none- 45 Pinus taeda L. Pinus taeda L. **   Pinus taeda L. **   Pinus taeda L. **   Pinus taeda L. **   Pinus taeda L. **   Pinus taeda L. **   Pinus taeda L. **   Pinus taeda L. **   module           DBH DBH err Ht. Ht. Err # 3.75 cm ± 1.25 cm     1 stem(s) 7.5 cm ± 2.5 cm     1 stem(s) 46 Nyssa biflora Walt. Nyssa biflora Walt. **   Nyssa biflora Walt. **   Nyssa biflora Walt. **   Nyssa biflora Walt. **   Nyssa biflora Walt. **   Nyssa biflora Walt. **   Nyssa biflora Walt. **   Nyssa biflora Walt. **   module           DBH DBH err Ht. Ht. Err # 0.5 cm ± 0.5 cm     2 stem(s) 1.75 cm ± 0.75 cm     1 stem(s) 3.75 cm ± 1.25 cm     5 stem(s) 7.5 cm ± 2.5 cm     3 stem(s) 47 Magnolia virginiana L. Magnolia virginiana L. **   Magnolia virginiana L. **   Magnolia virginiana L. **   Magnolia virginiana L. **   Magnolia virginiana L. **   Magnolia virginiana L. **   Magnolia virginiana L. **   Magnolia virginiana L. **   module           DBH DBH err Ht. Ht. Err # 0.5 cm ± 0.5 cm     3 stem(s) 48 Ilex glabra (L.) Gray Ilex glabra (L.) Gray **   Ilex glabra (L.) Gray **   Ilex glabra (L.) Gray **   Ilex glabra (L.) Gray **   Ilex glabra (L.) Gray **   Ilex glabra (L.) Gray **   Ilex glabra (L.) Gray **   Ilex glabra (L.) Gray **   module           -none- 49 Persea palustris (Raf.) Sarg. Persea palustris (Raf.) Sarg. **   Persea palustris (Raf.) Sarg. **   Persea palustris (Raf.) Sarg. **   Persea palustris (Raf.) Sarg. **   Persea palustris (Raf.) Sarg. **   Persea palustris (Raf.) Sarg. **   Persea palustris (Raf.) Sarg. **   Persea palustris (Raf.) Sarg. **   module           DBH DBH err Ht. Ht. Err # 0.5 cm ± 0.5 cm     3 stem(s)
This table is SORTABLE. Click the headers to sort ascending and descending.

Stratum Definitions:
Stratum Type Stratum Base Stratum Height Stratum Cover module       module       module
This table is SORTABLE. Click the headers to sort ascending and descending.