094-01-0106
» Citation URL: http://vegbank.org/cite/urn:lsid:cvs.bio.unc.edu:observation:22671-{F8068129-7EDB-4503-A888-D252399B05DC} » Citing info
Plot ID Fields:
Author Plot Code	094-01-0106
Author Observation Code	094-01-0106
Location Fields:	MAP: Google | Yahoo | TopoZone | MapQuest
Confidentiality Status	100 km radius (nearest degree)
Latitude	38 º
Longitude	-79 º
Layout Fields:
Shape	Rectangular
Area	400 m²
Permanence	permanent plot
Layout Narrative	8 X by 50 Y
Environment Fields:
Elevation	859.536 m
Slope Aspect	180 º
Slope Gradient	2.5 º
Topographic Position	High slope
Landform	seep
Hydrologic Regime	Saturated
Soil Drainage	Very poorly drained
Percent Bedrock	0 %
Percent Rock / Gravel	30 %
Percent Wood	5 %
Percent Litter	49 %
Percent Bare Soil	0 %
Percent Water	6 %
Percent Other	0 %
Methods Fields:
Observation Start Date	08-Jul-2003
Project	Carolina Vegetation Survey (94): NPS-Blue Ridge Parkway
Cover Method	Carolina Vegetation Survey
Stratum Method	National Park Service
Taxon Observation Area	400 m²
Overall Taxon Cover Values are Automatically Calculated?	no
Plot Quality Fields:
Plot Validation Level	(2) classification plot: sufficient for inclusion in a classification revision
Overall Plot Vegetation Fields:
--no data--
Misc Fields:
Observation Narrative	seep / swale; 5/11/2005 pictures taken, C. Scott's camera: 75-77, 79-83

Taxa occurring on this plot-observation
Change plant label: --Choose a value-- Author's plant name Original Interpretation, full Scientific Name Original Interpretation, Scientific Name without authors Original Interpretation, USDA Code Original Interpretation, Common Name Current Interpretation, full Scientific Name Current Interpretation, Scientific Name without authors Current Interpretation, USDA Code Current Interpretation, Common Name
Change Strata Shown: --choose one-- show strata show overall cover show strata + overall
ord Author Plant Name Original Interpretation, full Scientific Name Original Interpretation, Scientific Name without authors Original Interpretation, Common Name Original Interpretation, USDA Code Current Interpretation, full Scientific Name Current Interpretation, Scientific Name without authors Current Interpretation, Common Name Current Interpretation, USDA Code Stratum Cover Original Cover Code Basal Area Biomass Inference Area Stems: Stem Diameters (graphically): 1 Betula alleghaniensis Betula alleghaniensis **   Betula alleghaniensis **   Betula alleghaniensis **   Betula alleghaniensis **   Betula alleghaniensis **   Betula alleghaniensis **   Betula alleghaniensis **   Betula alleghaniensis **   Canopy 37.5 % 7       -none- 2 Acer rubrum Acer rubrum **   Acer rubrum **   Acer rubrum **   Acer rubrum **   Acer rubrum **   Acer rubrum **   Acer rubrum **   Acer rubrum **   Canopy 17.5 % 6       -none- 3 Liriodendron tulipifera Liriodendron tulipifera **   Liriodendron tulipifera **   Liriodendron tulipifera **   Liriodendron tulipifera **   Liriodendron tulipifera **   Liriodendron tulipifera **   Liriodendron tulipifera **   Liriodendron tulipifera **   Canopy 7.5 % 5       -none- 4 Fraxinus americana Fraxinus americana **   Fraxinus americana **   Fraxinus americana **   Fraxinus americana **   Fraxinus americana **   Fraxinus americana **   Fraxinus americana **   Fraxinus americana **   Canopy 7.5 % 5       -none- 5 Betula lenta Betula lenta **   Betula lenta **   Betula lenta **   Betula lenta **   Betula lenta **   Betula lenta **   Betula lenta **   Betula lenta **   Canopy 3.5 % 4       -none- 6 Quercus alba Quercus alba **   Quercus alba **   Quercus alba **   Quercus alba **   Quercus alba **   Quercus alba **   Quercus alba **   Quercus alba **   Canopy 3.5 % 4       -none- 7 Quercus rubra Quercus rubra **   Quercus rubra **   Quercus rubra **   Quercus rubra **   Quercus rubra **   Quercus rubra **   Quercus rubra **   Quercus rubra **   Canopy 3.5 % 4       -none- 8 Magnolia acuminata Magnolia acuminata **   Magnolia acuminata **   Magnolia acuminata **   Magnolia acuminata **   Magnolia acuminata **   Magnolia acuminata **   Magnolia acuminata **   Magnolia acuminata **   Canopy 1.5 % 3       -none- 9 Betula alleghaniensis Betula alleghaniensis **   Betula alleghaniensis **   Betula alleghaniensis **   Betula alleghaniensis **   Betula alleghaniensis **   Betula alleghaniensis **   Betula alleghaniensis **   Betula alleghaniensis **   Sub-Canopy 37.5 % 7       -none- 10 Lindera benzoin Lindera benzoin **   Lindera benzoin **   Lindera benzoin **   Lindera benzoin **   Lindera benzoin **   Lindera benzoin **   Lindera benzoin **   Lindera benzoin **   Tall Shrub 62.5 % 8       -none- 11 Rhododendron periclymenoides Rhododendron periclymenoides **   Rhododendron periclymenoides **   Rhododendron periclymenoides **   Rhododendron periclymenoides **   Rhododendron periclymenoides **   Rhododendron periclymenoides **   Rhododendron periclymenoides **   Rhododendron periclymenoides **   Tall Shrub 7.5 % 5       -none- 12 Acer rubrum Acer rubrum **   Acer rubrum **   Acer rubrum **   Acer rubrum **   Acer rubrum **   Acer rubrum **   Acer rubrum **   Acer rubrum **   Tall Shrub 1.5 % 3       -none- 13 Kalmia latifolia Kalmia latifolia **   Kalmia latifolia **   Kalmia latifolia **   Kalmia latifolia **   Kalmia latifolia **   Kalmia latifolia **   Kalmia latifolia **   Kalmia latifolia **   Tall Shrub 1.5 % 3       -none- 14 Betula alleghaniensis Betula alleghaniensis **   Betula alleghaniensis **   Betula alleghaniensis **   Betula alleghaniensis **   Betula alleghaniensis **   Betula alleghaniensis **   Betula alleghaniensis **   Betula alleghaniensis **   Tall Shrub 1.5 % 3       -none- 15 Rhododendron catawbiense Rhododendron catawbiense **   Rhododendron catawbiense **   Rhododendron catawbiense **   Rhododendron catawbiense **   Rhododendron catawbiense **   Rhododendron catawbiense **   Rhododendron catawbiense **   Rhododendron catawbiense **   Tall Shrub 1.5 % 3       -none- 16 Ilex verticillata Ilex verticillata **   Ilex verticillata **   Ilex verticillata **   Ilex verticillata **   Ilex verticillata **   Ilex verticillata **   Ilex verticillata **   Ilex verticillata **   Tall Shrub 1.5 % 3       -none- 17 Tilia americana Tilia americana **   Tilia americana **   Tilia americana **   Tilia americana **   Tilia americana **   Tilia americana **   Tilia americana **   Tilia americana **   Tall Shrub 0.505 % 2       -none- 18 Smilax rotundifolia Smilax rotundifolia **   Smilax rotundifolia **   Smilax rotundifolia **   Smilax rotundifolia **   Smilax rotundifolia **   Smilax rotundifolia **   Smilax rotundifolia **   Smilax rotundifolia **   Tall Shrub 0.505 % 2       -none- 19 Viola cucullata Viola cucullata **   Viola cucullata **   Viola cucullata **   Viola cucullata **   Viola cucullata **   Viola cucullata **   Viola cucullata **   Viola cucullata **   Herbaceous 17.5 % 6       -none- 20 Collinsonia canadensis Collinsonia canadensis **   Collinsonia canadensis **   Collinsonia canadensis **   Collinsonia canadensis **   Collinsonia canadensis **   Collinsonia canadensis **   Collinsonia canadensis **   Collinsonia canadensis **   Herbaceous 7.5 % 5       -none- 21 Impatiens pallida Impatiens pallida **   Impatiens pallida **   Impatiens pallida **   Impatiens pallida **   Impatiens pallida **   Impatiens pallida **   Impatiens pallida **   Impatiens pallida **   Herbaceous 7.5 % 5       -none- 22 Trautvetteria caroliniensis Trautvetteria caroliniensis **   Trautvetteria caroliniensis **   Trautvetteria caroliniensis **   Trautvetteria caroliniensis **   Trautvetteria caroliniensis **   Trautvetteria caroliniensis **   Trautvetteria caroliniensis **   Trautvetteria caroliniensis **   Herbaceous 7.5 % 5       -none- 23 Saxifraga micranthidifolia Saxifraga micranthidifolia **   Saxifraga micranthidifolia **   Saxifraga micranthidifolia **   Saxifraga micranthidifolia **   Saxifraga micranthidifolia **   Saxifraga micranthidifolia **   Saxifraga micranthidifolia **   Saxifraga micranthidifolia **   Herbaceous 3.5 % 4       -none- 24 Chelone glabra Chelone glabra **   Chelone glabra **   Chelone glabra **   Chelone glabra **   Chelone glabra **   Chelone glabra **   Chelone glabra **   Chelone glabra **   Herbaceous 3.5 % 4       -none- 25 Carex bromoides Carex bromoides **   Carex bromoides **   Carex bromoides **   Carex bromoides **   Carex bromoides **   Carex bromoides **   Carex bromoides **   Carex bromoides **   Herbaceous 3.5 % 4       -none- 26 Cicuta maculata var. maculata Cicuta maculata var. maculata **   Cicuta maculata var. maculata **   Cicuta maculata var. maculata **   Cicuta maculata var. maculata **   Cicuta maculata var. maculata **   Cicuta maculata var. maculata **   Cicuta maculata var. maculata **   Cicuta maculata var. maculata **   Herbaceous 3.5 % 4       -none- 27 Carex scabrata Carex scabrata **   Carex scabrata **   Carex scabrata **   Carex scabrata **   Carex scabrata **   Carex scabrata **   Carex scabrata **   Carex scabrata **   Herbaceous 3.5 % 4       -none- 28 Chrysosplenium americanum Chrysosplenium americanum **   Chrysosplenium americanum **   Chrysosplenium americanum **   Chrysosplenium americanum **   Chrysosplenium americanum **   Chrysosplenium americanum **   Chrysosplenium americanum **   Chrysosplenium americanum **   Herbaceous 1.5 % 3       -none- 29 Athyrium filix-femina Athyrium filix-femina **   Athyrium filix-femina **   Athyrium filix-femina **   Athyrium filix-femina **   Athyrium filix-femina **   Athyrium filix-femina **   Athyrium filix-femina **   Athyrium filix-femina **   Herbaceous 1.5 % 3       -none- 30 Rhododendron periclymenoides Rhododendron periclymenoides **   Rhododendron periclymenoides **   Rhododendron periclymenoides **   Rhododendron periclymenoides **   Rhododendron periclymenoides **   Rhododendron periclymenoides **   Rhododendron periclymenoides **   Rhododendron periclymenoides **   Herbaceous 1.5 % 3       -none- 31 Eurybia divaricata Eurybia divaricata **   Eurybia divaricata **   Eurybia divaricata **   Eurybia divaricata **   Eurybia divaricata **   Eurybia divaricata **   Eurybia divaricata **   Eurybia divaricata **   Herbaceous 1.5 % 3       -none- 32 Medeola virginiana Medeola virginiana **   Medeola virginiana **   Medeola virginiana **   Medeola virginiana **   Medeola virginiana **   Medeola virginiana **   Medeola virginiana **   Medeola virginiana **   Herbaceous 1.5 % 3       -none- 33 Maianthemum canadense Maianthemum canadense **   Maianthemum canadense **   Maianthemum canadense **   Maianthemum canadense **   Maianthemum canadense **   Maianthemum canadense **   Maianthemum canadense **   Maianthemum canadense **   Herbaceous 1.5 % 3       -none- 34 Osmunda cinnamomea Osmunda cinnamomea **   Osmunda cinnamomea **   Osmunda cinnamomea **   Osmunda cinnamomea **   Osmunda cinnamomea **   Osmunda cinnamomea **   Osmunda cinnamomea **   Osmunda cinnamomea **   Herbaceous 1.5 % 3       -none- 35 Caltha palustris Caltha palustris **   Caltha palustris **   Caltha palustris **   Caltha palustris **   Caltha palustris **   Caltha palustris **   Caltha palustris **   Caltha palustris **   Herbaceous 1.5 % 3       -none- 36 Boehmeria cylindrica Boehmeria cylindrica **   Boehmeria cylindrica **   Boehmeria cylindrica **   Boehmeria cylindrica **   Boehmeria cylindrica **   Boehmeria cylindrica **   Boehmeria cylindrica **   Boehmeria cylindrica **   Herbaceous 1.5 % 3       -none- 37 Eurybia macrophylla Eurybia macrophylla **   Eurybia macrophylla **   Eurybia macrophylla **   Eurybia macrophylla **   Eurybia macrophylla **   Eurybia macrophylla **   Eurybia macrophylla **   Eurybia macrophylla **   Herbaceous 0.505 % 2       -none- 38 Platanthera clavellata Platanthera clavellata **   Platanthera clavellata **   Platanthera clavellata **   Platanthera clavellata **   Platanthera clavellata **   Platanthera clavellata **   Platanthera clavellata **   Platanthera clavellata **   Herbaceous 0.505 % 2       -none- 39 Smilax rotundifolia Smilax rotundifolia **   Smilax rotundifolia **   Smilax rotundifolia **   Smilax rotundifolia **   Smilax rotundifolia **   Smilax rotundifolia **   Smilax rotundifolia **   Smilax rotundifolia **   Herbaceous 0.505 % 2       -none- 40 Amelanchier laevis Amelanchier laevis **   Amelanchier laevis **   Amelanchier laevis **   Amelanchier laevis **   Amelanchier laevis **   Amelanchier laevis **   Amelanchier laevis **   Amelanchier laevis **   Herbaceous 0.505 % 2       -none- 41 Rudbeckia laciniata Rudbeckia laciniata **   Rudbeckia laciniata **   Rudbeckia laciniata **   Rudbeckia laciniata **   Rudbeckia laciniata **   Rudbeckia laciniata **   Rudbeckia laciniata **   Rudbeckia laciniata **   Herbaceous 0.505 % 2       -none- 42 Sassafras albidum Sassafras albidum **   Sassafras albidum **   Sassafras albidum **   Sassafras albidum **   Sassafras albidum **   Sassafras albidum **   Sassafras albidum **   Sassafras albidum **   Herbaceous 0.505 % 2       -none- 43 Symphyotrichum lateriflorum var. lateriflorum Symphyotrichum lateriflorum var. lateriflorum **   Symphyotrichum lateriflorum var. lateriflorum **   Symphyotrichum lateriflorum var. lateriflorum **   Symphyotrichum lateriflorum var. lateriflorum **   Symphyotrichum lateriflorum var. lateriflorum **   Symphyotrichum lateriflorum var. lateriflorum **   Symphyotrichum lateriflorum var. lateriflorum **   Symphyotrichum lateriflorum var. lateriflorum **   Herbaceous 0.505 % 2       -none- 44 Toxicodendron radicans Toxicodendron radicans **   Toxicodendron radicans **   Toxicodendron radicans **   Toxicodendron radicans **   Toxicodendron radicans **   Toxicodendron radicans **   Toxicodendron radicans **   Toxicodendron radicans **   Herbaceous 0.505 % 2       -none- 45 Maianthemum racemosum ssp. racemosum Maianthemum racemosum ssp. racemosum **   Maianthemum racemosum ssp. racemosum **   Maianthemum racemosum ssp. racemosum **   Maianthemum racemosum ssp. racemosum **   Maianthemum racemosum ssp. racemosum **   Maianthemum racemosum ssp. racemosum **   Maianthemum racemosum ssp. racemosum **   Maianthemum racemosum ssp. racemosum **   Herbaceous 0.505 % 2       -none- 46 Aconitum uncinatum Aconitum uncinatum **   Aconitum uncinatum **   Aconitum uncinatum **   Aconitum uncinatum **   Aconitum uncinatum **   Aconitum uncinatum **   Aconitum uncinatum **   Aconitum uncinatum **   Herbaceous 0.505 % 2       -none- 47 Acer rubrum Acer rubrum **   Acer rubrum **   Acer rubrum **   Acer rubrum **   Acer rubrum **   Acer rubrum **   Acer rubrum **   Acer rubrum **   Herbaceous 0.505 % 2       -none- 48 Anemone lancifolia Anemone lancifolia **   Anemone lancifolia **   Anemone lancifolia **   Anemone lancifolia **   Anemone lancifolia **   Anemone lancifolia **   Anemone lancifolia **   Anemone lancifolia **   Herbaceous 0.505 % 2       -none- 49 Prenanthes altissima Prenanthes altissima **   Prenanthes altissima **   Prenanthes altissima **   Prenanthes altissima **   Prenanthes altissima **   Prenanthes altissima **   Prenanthes altissima **   Prenanthes altissima **   Herbaceous 0.505 % 2       -none- 50 Quercus rubra Quercus rubra **   Quercus rubra **   Quercus rubra **   Quercus rubra **   Quercus rubra **   Quercus rubra **   Quercus rubra **   Quercus rubra **   Herbaceous 0.505 % 2       -none- 51 Dioscorea quaternata Dioscorea quaternata **   Dioscorea quaternata **   Dioscorea quaternata **   Dioscorea quaternata **   Dioscorea quaternata **   Dioscorea quaternata **   Dioscorea quaternata **   Dioscorea quaternata **   Herbaceous 0.505 % 2       -none- 52 Agrostis perennans Agrostis perennans **   Agrostis perennans **   Agrostis perennans **   Agrostis perennans **   Agrostis perennans **   Agrostis perennans **   Agrostis perennans **   Agrostis perennans **   Herbaceous 0.505 % 2       -none- 53 Galium triflorum Galium triflorum **   Galium triflorum **   Galium triflorum **   Galium triflorum **   Galium triflorum **   Galium triflorum **   Galium triflorum **   Galium triflorum **   Herbaceous 0.505 % 2       -none- 54 Goodyera pubescens Goodyera pubescens **   Goodyera pubescens **   Goodyera pubescens **   Goodyera pubescens **   Goodyera pubescens **   Goodyera pubescens **   Goodyera pubescens **   Goodyera pubescens **   Herbaceous 0.505 % 2       -none- 55 Quercus alba Quercus alba **   Quercus alba **   Quercus alba **   Quercus alba **   Quercus alba **   Quercus alba **   Quercus alba **   Quercus alba **   Herbaceous 0.505 % 2       -none- 56 Polygonum virginianum Polygonum virginianum **   Polygonum virginianum **   Polygonum virginianum **   Polygonum virginianum **   Polygonum virginianum **   Polygonum virginianum **   Polygonum virginianum **   Polygonum virginianum **   Herbaceous 0.505 % 2       -none- 57 Parthenocissus quinquefolia Parthenocissus quinquefolia **   Parthenocissus quinquefolia **   Parthenocissus quinquefolia **   Parthenocissus quinquefolia **   Parthenocissus quinquefolia **   Parthenocissus quinquefolia **   Parthenocissus quinquefolia **   Parthenocissus quinquefolia **   Herbaceous 0.505 % 2       -none- 58 Carex appalachica Carex appalachica **   Carex appalachica **   Carex appalachica **   Carex appalachica **   Carex appalachica **   Carex appalachica **   Carex appalachica **   Carex appalachica **   Herbaceous 0.505 % 2       -none- 59 Osmunda claytoniana Osmunda claytoniana **   Osmunda claytoniana **   Osmunda claytoniana **   Osmunda claytoniana **   Osmunda claytoniana **   Osmunda claytoniana **   Osmunda claytoniana **   Osmunda claytoniana **   Herbaceous 0.505 % 2       -none- 60 Smilax tamnoides Smilax tamnoides **   Smilax tamnoides **   Smilax tamnoides **   Smilax tamnoides **   Smilax tamnoides **   Smilax tamnoides **   Smilax tamnoides **   Smilax tamnoides **   Herbaceous 0.505 % 2       -none- 61 Solidago caesia Solidago caesia **   Solidago caesia **   Solidago caesia **   Solidago caesia **   Solidago caesia **   Solidago caesia **   Solidago caesia **   Solidago caesia **   Herbaceous 0.505 % 2       -none- 62 Arisaema triphyllum Arisaema triphyllum **   Arisaema triphyllum **   Arisaema triphyllum **   Arisaema triphyllum **   Arisaema triphyllum **   Arisaema triphyllum **   Arisaema triphyllum **   Arisaema triphyllum **   Herbaceous 0.505 % 2       -none- 63 Carex baileyi Carex baileyi **   Carex baileyi **   Carex baileyi **   Carex baileyi **   Carex baileyi **   Carex baileyi **   Carex baileyi **   Carex baileyi **   Herbaceous 0.505 % 2       -none- 64 Galium latifolium Galium latifolium **   Galium latifolium **   Galium latifolium **   Galium latifolium **   Galium latifolium **   Galium latifolium **   Galium latifolium **   Galium latifolium **   Herbaceous 0.505 % 2       -none- 65 Carex gracillima Carex gracillima **   Carex gracillima **   Carex gracillima **   Carex gracillima **   Carex gracillima **   Carex gracillima **   Carex gracillima **   Carex gracillima **   Herbaceous 0.505 % 2       -none- 66 Glyceria striata Glyceria striata **   Glyceria striata **   Glyceria striata **   Glyceria striata **   Glyceria striata **   Glyceria striata **   Glyceria striata **   Glyceria striata **   Herbaceous 0.505 % 2       -none- 67 Desmodium nudiflorum Desmodium nudiflorum **   Desmodium nudiflorum **   Desmodium nudiflorum **   Desmodium nudiflorum **   Desmodium nudiflorum **   Desmodium nudiflorum **   Desmodium nudiflorum **   Desmodium nudiflorum **   Herbaceous 0.05 % 1       -none- 68 Chimaphila maculata Chimaphila maculata **   Chimaphila maculata **   Chimaphila maculata **   Chimaphila maculata **   Chimaphila maculata **   Chimaphila maculata **   Chimaphila maculata **   Chimaphila maculata **   Herbaceous 0.05 % 1       -none- 69 Veratrum viride Veratrum viride **   Veratrum viride **   Veratrum viride **   Veratrum viride **   Veratrum viride **   Veratrum viride **   Veratrum viride **   Veratrum viride **   Herbaceous 0.05 % 1       -none- 70 Pilea pumila Pilea pumila **   Pilea pumila **   Pilea pumila **   Pilea pumila **   Pilea pumila **   Pilea pumila **   Pilea pumila **   Pilea pumila **   Herbaceous 0.05 % 1       -none- 71 Thalictrum pubescens Thalictrum pubescens **   Thalictrum pubescens **   Thalictrum pubescens **   Thalictrum pubescens **   Thalictrum pubescens **   Thalictrum pubescens **   Thalictrum pubescens **   Thalictrum pubescens **   Herbaceous 0.05 % 1       -none- 72 Ilex verticillata Ilex verticillata **   Ilex verticillata **   Ilex verticillata **   Ilex verticillata **   Ilex verticillata **   Ilex verticillata **   Ilex verticillata **   Ilex verticillata **   Short Shrub 0.505 % 2       -none- 73 Magnolia acuminata Magnolia acuminata **   Magnolia acuminata **   Magnolia acuminata **   Magnolia acuminata **   Magnolia acuminata **   Magnolia acuminata **   Magnolia acuminata **   Magnolia acuminata **   Short Shrub 0.505 % 2       -none- 74 Rubus flagellaris Rubus flagellaris **   Rubus flagellaris **   Rubus flagellaris **   Rubus flagellaris **   Rubus flagellaris **   Rubus flagellaris **   Rubus flagellaris **   Rubus flagellaris **   Short Shrub 0.505 % 2       -none- 75 Prunus serotina var. serotina Prunus serotina var. serotina **   Prunus serotina var. serotina **   Prunus serotina var. serotina **   Prunus serotina var. serotina **   Prunus serotina var. serotina **   Prunus serotina var. serotina **   Prunus serotina var. serotina **   Prunus serotina var. serotina **   Short Shrub 0.505 % 2       -none-
This table is SORTABLE. Click the headers to sort ascending and descending.

Stratum Definitions:
Stratum Type Stratum Base Stratum Height Stratum Cover Epiphyte       Vine/Liana       Nonvascular     20 % Dwarf Shrub       Short Shrub 0.5 m 1 m   Tall Shrub 2 m 5 m 60 % Sub-Canopy 5 m 10 m 40 % Canopy 15 m 20 m 60 % Emergent       Herbaceous 0.5 m 1 m 60 %
This table is SORTABLE. Click the headers to sort ascending and descending.