045-02-0642
» Citation URL: http://vegbank.org/cite/VB.Ob.26193.045020642 » Citing info
Plot ID Fields:
Author Plot Code	045-02-0642
Author Observation Code	045-02-0642
Original Data Location	UNC-CH, Peet
Location Fields:	MAP: Google | Yahoo | TopoZone | MapQuest
Location Accuracy	9 m
Confidentiality Status	10 km radius (nearest 0.1 degree)
Latitude	32.3 º
Longitude	-80.8 º
Author Location	Spring Island
State or Province	South Carolina
Country	United States
Named Places	area|country|territory: United States region|state|province: South Carolina county: Beaufort quadrangle: Spring Island
Layout Fields:
Azimuth	137 º
DSG Polygon	(0,0);(0,10);(50,10);(50,-10);(0,-10);(0,0)
Shape	rectangle
Area	1000 m²
Permanence	permanent plot
Environment Fields:
Elevation	2 m
Elevation Accuracy	1 m
Slope Gradient	0 º
Hydrologic Regime	Saturated
Soil Drainage	poorly drained
Water Salinity	Freshwater
Methods Fields:
Observation Start Date	15-Jun-2001
Observation End Date	15-Jun-2001
Date Accuracy	Exact
Project	Carolina Vegetation Survey 45
Cover Method	Carolina Vegetation Survey
Stratum Method	Carolina Vegetation Survey
Stem Size Limit	0 cm
Taxon Observation Area	1000 m²
Cover Dispersion	subplot-contiguous
Overall Taxon Cover Values are Automatically Calculated?	no
Stem Observation Area	1000 m²
Stem Sample Method	full census
Plot Quality Fields:
Plot Validation Level	(2) classification plot: sufficient for inclusion in a classification revision
Bryophyte Quality	Low
Lichen Quality	low
Overall Plot Vegetation Fields:
--no data--
Misc Fields:
--no data--

Taxa occurring on this plot-observation
Change plant label: --Choose a value-- Author's plant name Original Interpretation, full Scientific Name Original Interpretation, Scientific Name without authors Original Interpretation, USDA Code Original Interpretation, Common Name Current Interpretation, full Scientific Name Current Interpretation, Scientific Name without authors Current Interpretation, USDA Code Current Interpretation, Common Name
Change Strata Shown: --choose one-- show strata (no strata on this plot) show overall cover show strata + overall
ord Author Plant Name Original Interpretation, full Scientific Name Original Interpretation, Scientific Name without authors Original Interpretation, Common Name Original Interpretation, USDA Code Current Interpretation, full Scientific Name Current Interpretation, Scientific Name without authors Current Interpretation, Common Name Current Interpretation, USDA Code Stratum Cover Original Cover Code Basal Area Biomass Inference Area Stems: Stem Diameters (graphically): 1 Liquidambar styraciflua L. Liquidambar styraciflua L. Liquidambar styraciflua sweetgum Liquidambar styraciflua L. **   Liquidambar styraciflua L. Liquidambar styraciflua sweetgum Liquidambar styraciflua L. **   -all-   62.5 % 8       DBH DBH err Ht. Ht. Err # 7.5 cm ± 2.5 cm     2 stem(s) 12.5 cm ± 2.5 cm     3 stem(s) 17.5 cm ± 2.5 cm     1 stem(s) 22.5 cm ± 2.5 cm     4 stem(s) 27.5 cm ± 2.5 cm     3 stem(s) 32.5 cm ± 2.5 cm     2 stem(s) 37.5 cm ± 2.5 cm     2 stem(s) 40 cm ± 0.5 cm     1 stem(s) 47 cm ± 0.5 cm     1 stem(s) 48 cm ± 0.5 cm     1 stem(s) 50 cm ± 0.5 cm     1 stem(s) 51 cm ± 0.5 cm     1 stem(s) 58 cm ± 0.5 cm     1 stem(s) 60 cm ± 0.5 cm     1 stem(s) 68 cm ± 0.5 cm     1 stem(s) 76 cm ± 0.5 cm     1 stem(s) 2 Ilex opaca Ait. var. opaca Ilex opaca Ait. var. opaca Ilex opaca var. opaca American holly Ilex opaca Ait. var. opaca **   Ilex opaca Ait. var. opaca Ilex opaca var. opaca American holly Ilex opaca Ait. var. opaca **   -all-   37.5 % 7       DBH DBH err Ht. Ht. Err # 0.5 cm ± 0.5 cm     1 stem(s) 1.75 cm ± 0.75 cm     6 stem(s) 3.75 cm ± 1.25 cm     4 stem(s) 7.5 cm ± 2.5 cm     5 stem(s) 12.5 cm ± 2.5 cm     3 stem(s) 17.5 cm ± 2.5 cm     3 stem(s) 22.5 cm ± 2.5 cm     2 stem(s) 3 Quercus nigra L. Quercus nigra L. Quercus nigra water oak Quercus nigra L. **   Quercus nigra L. Quercus nigra water oak Quercus nigra L. **   -all-   7.5 % 5       DBH DBH err Ht. Ht. Err # 0.5 cm ± 0.5 cm     2 stem(s) 1.75 cm ± 0.75 cm     10 stem(s) 3.75 cm ± 1.25 cm     13 stem(s) 7.5 cm ± 2.5 cm     7 stem(s) 12.5 cm ± 2.5 cm     1 stem(s) 17.5 cm ± 2.5 cm     1 stem(s) 27.5 cm ± 2.5 cm     2 stem(s) 4 Vitis rotundifolia Michx. Vitis rotundifolia Michx. Vitis rotundifolia muscadine Vitis rotundifolia Michx. **   Vitis rotundifolia Michx. Vitis rotundifolia muscadine Vitis rotundifolia Michx. **   -all-   7.5 % 5       DBH DBH err Ht. Ht. Err # 0.5 cm ± 0.5 cm     4 stem(s) 1.75 cm ± 0.75 cm     10 stem(s) 3.75 cm ± 1.25 cm     17 stem(s) 7.5 cm ± 2.5 cm     12 stem(s) 5 Acer rubrum L. Acer rubrum L. Acer rubrum red maple Acer rubrum L. **   Acer rubrum L. Acer rubrum red maple Acer rubrum L. **   -all-   7.5 % 5       DBH DBH err Ht. Ht. Err # 1.75 cm ± 0.75 cm     2 stem(s) 3.75 cm ± 1.25 cm     9 stem(s) 7.5 cm ± 2.5 cm     6 stem(s) 12.5 cm ± 2.5 cm     1 stem(s) 6 Campsis radicans (L.) Seem. ex Bureau Campsis radicans (L.) Seem. ex Bureau Campsis radicans trumpet creeper Campsis radicans (L.) Seem. ex Bureau **   Campsis radicans (L.) Seem. ex Bureau Campsis radicans trumpet creeper Campsis radicans (L.) Seem. ex Bureau **   -all-   7.5 % 5       -none- 7 Morella cerifera (L.) Small Morella cerifera (L.) Small Morella cerifera wax myrtle Morella cerifera (L.) Small **   Morella cerifera (L.) Small Morella cerifera wax myrtle Morella cerifera (L.) Small **   -all-   7.5 % 5       DBH DBH err Ht. Ht. Err # 0.5 cm ± 0.5 cm     26 stem(s) 1.75 cm ± 0.75 cm     28 stem(s) 3.75 cm ± 1.25 cm     15 stem(s) 7.5 cm ± 2.5 cm     3 stem(s) 8 Ulmus americana L. Ulmus americana L. Ulmus americana American elm Ulmus americana L. **   Ulmus americana L. Ulmus americana American elm Ulmus americana L. **   -all-   3.5 % 4       DBH DBH err Ht. Ht. Err # 22.5 cm ± 2.5 cm     1 stem(s) 9 Magnolia grandiflora L. Magnolia grandiflora L. Magnolia grandiflora southern magnolia Magnolia grandiflora L. **   Magnolia grandiflora L. Magnolia grandiflora southern magnolia Magnolia grandiflora L. **   -all-   3.5 % 4       DBH DBH err Ht. Ht. Err # 3.75 cm ± 1.25 cm     2 stem(s) 7.5 cm ± 2.5 cm     4 stem(s) 12.5 cm ± 2.5 cm     1 stem(s) 10 Liriodendron tulipifera L. Liriodendron tulipifera L. Liriodendron tulipifera tuliptree Liriodendron tulipifera L. **   Liriodendron tulipifera L. Liriodendron tulipifera tuliptree Liriodendron tulipifera L. **   -all-   3.5 % 4       DBH DBH err Ht. Ht. Err # 3.75 cm ± 1.25 cm     1 stem(s) 7.5 cm ± 2.5 cm     1 stem(s) 12.5 cm ± 2.5 cm     1 stem(s) 11 Woodwardia areolata (L.) T. Moore Woodwardia areolata (L.) T. Moore Woodwardia areolata netted chainfern Woodwardia areolata (L.) T. Moore **   Woodwardia areolata (L.) T. Moore Woodwardia areolata netted chainfern Woodwardia areolata (L.) T. Moore **   -all-   3.5 % 4       -none- 12 Ilex vomitoria Ait. Ilex vomitoria Ait. Ilex vomitoria yaupon Ilex vomitoria Ait. **   Ilex vomitoria Ait. Ilex vomitoria yaupon Ilex vomitoria Ait. **   -all-   1.5 % 3       DBH DBH err Ht. Ht. Err # 0.5 cm ± 0.5 cm     14 stem(s) 1.75 cm ± 0.75 cm     10 stem(s) 3.75 cm ± 1.25 cm     7 stem(s) 7.5 cm ± 2.5 cm     3 stem(s) 13 Juniperus virginiana L. var. silicicola (Small) J. Silba Juniperus virginiana L. var. silicicola (Small) J. Silba Juniperus virginiana var. silicicola southern redcedar Juniperus virginiana L. var. silicicola (Small) J. Silba **   Juniperus virginiana L. var. silicicola (Small) J. Silba Juniperus virginiana var. silicicola southern redcedar Juniperus virginiana L. var. silicicola (Small) J. Silba **   -all-   1.5 % 3       DBH DBH err Ht. Ht. Err # 1.75 cm ± 0.75 cm     1 stem(s) 7.5 cm ± 2.5 cm     2 stem(s) 14 Arundinaria gigantea (Walt.) Muhl. ssp. tecta (Walt.) McClure Arundinaria gigantea (Walt.) Muhl. ssp. tecta (Walt.) McClure Arundinaria gigantea ssp. tecta switchcane Arundinaria gigantea (Walt.) Muhl. ssp. tecta (Walt.) McClure **   Arundinaria gigantea (Walt.) Muhl. ssp. tecta (Walt.) McClure Arundinaria gigantea ssp. tecta switchcane Arundinaria gigantea (Walt.) Muhl. ssp. tecta (Walt.) McClure **   -all-   1.5 % 3       DBH DBH err Ht. Ht. Err # 0.5 cm ± 0.5 cm     44 stem(s) 15 Rhapidophyllum hystrix (Pursh) H. Wendl. & Drude ex Drude Rhapidophyllum hystrix (Pursh) H. Wendl. & Drude ex Drude Rhapidophyllum hystrix needle palm Rhapidophyllum hystrix (Pursh) H. Wendl. & Drude ex Drude **   Rhapidophyllum hystrix (Pursh) H. Wendl. & Drude ex Drude Rhapidophyllum hystrix needle palm Rhapidophyllum hystrix (Pursh) H. Wendl. & Drude ex Drude **   -all-   1.5 % 3       -none- 16 Sabal minor (Jacq.) Pers. Sabal minor (Jacq.) Pers. Sabal minor dwarf palmetto Sabal minor (Jacq.) Pers. **   Sabal minor (Jacq.) Pers. Sabal minor dwarf palmetto Sabal minor (Jacq.) Pers. **   -all-   1.5 % 3       -none- 17 Sabal palmetto (Walt.) Lodd. ex J.A. & J.H. Schultes Sabal palmetto (Walt.) Lodd. ex J.A. & J.H. Schultes Sabal palmetto cabbage palmetto Sabal palmetto (Walt.) Lodd. ex J.A. & J.H. Schultes **   Sabal palmetto (Walt.) Lodd. ex J.A. & J.H. Schultes Sabal palmetto cabbage palmetto Sabal palmetto (Walt.) Lodd. ex J.A. & J.H. Schultes **   -all-   0.505 % 2       -none- 18 Callicarpa americana L. Callicarpa americana L. Callicarpa americana American beautyberry Callicarpa americana L. **   Callicarpa americana L. Callicarpa americana American beautyberry Callicarpa americana L. **   -all-   0.505 % 2       -none- 19 Pinus taeda L. Pinus taeda L. Pinus taeda loblolly pine Pinus taeda L. **   Pinus taeda L. Pinus taeda loblolly pine Pinus taeda L. **   -all-   0.505 % 2       -none- 20 Mitchella repens L. Mitchella repens L. Mitchella repens partridgeberry Mitchella repens L. **   Mitchella repens L. Mitchella repens partridgeberry Mitchella repens L. **   -all-   0.505 % 2       -none- 21 Tillandsia usneoides (L.) L. Tillandsia usneoides (L.) L. Tillandsia usneoides Spanish moss Tillandsia usneoides (L.) L. **   Tillandsia usneoides (L.) L. Tillandsia usneoides Spanish moss Tillandsia usneoides (L.) L. **   -all-   0.505 % 2       -none- 22 Dioscorea villosa L. Dioscorea villosa L. Dioscorea villosa wild yam Dioscorea villosa L. **   Dioscorea villosa L. Dioscorea villosa wild yam Dioscorea villosa L. **   -all-   0.505 % 2       -none- 23 Hypericum hypericoides (L.) Crantz Hypericum hypericoides (L.) Crantz Hypericum hypericoides St. Andrew's cross Hypericum hypericoides (L.) Crantz **   Hypericum hypericoides (L.) Crantz Hypericum hypericoides St. Andrew's cross Hypericum hypericoides (L.) Crantz **   -all-   0.505 % 2       -none- 24 Triadica sebifera (L.) Small Triadica sebifera (L.) Small Triadica sebifera tallowtree Triadica sebifera (L.) Small **   Triadica sebifera (L.) Small Triadica sebifera tallowtree Triadica sebifera (L.) Small **   -all-   0.505 % 2       DBH DBH err Ht. Ht. Err # 3.75 cm ± 1.25 cm     2 stem(s) 25 Arisaema triphyllum (L.) Schott Arisaema triphyllum (L.) Schott Arisaema triphyllum Jack in the pulpit Arisaema triphyllum (L.) Schott **   Arisaema triphyllum (L.) Schott Arisaema triphyllum Jack in the pulpit Arisaema triphyllum (L.) Schott **   -all-   0.505 % 2       -none- 26 Woodwardia virginica (L.) Sm. Woodwardia virginica (L.) Sm. Woodwardia virginica Virginia chainfern Woodwardia virginica (L.) Sm. **   Woodwardia virginica (L.) Sm. Woodwardia virginica Virginia chainfern Woodwardia virginica (L.) Sm. **   -all-   0.505 % 2       -none- 27 Hexastylis arifolia (Michx.) Small Hexastylis arifolia (Michx.) Small Hexastylis arifolia littlebrownjug Hexastylis arifolia (Michx.) Small **   Hexastylis arifolia (Michx.) Small Hexastylis arifolia littlebrownjug Hexastylis arifolia (Michx.) Small **   -all-   0.505 % 2       -none- 28 Smilax bona-nox L. Smilax bona-nox L. Smilax bona-nox saw greenbrier Smilax bona-nox L. **   Smilax bona-nox L. Smilax bona-nox saw greenbrier Smilax bona-nox L. **   -all-   0.505 % 2       -none- 29 Nyssa sylvatica Marsh. Nyssa sylvatica Marsh. Nyssa sylvatica blackgum Nyssa sylvatica Marsh. **   Nyssa sylvatica Marsh. Nyssa sylvatica blackgum Nyssa sylvatica Marsh. **   -all-   0.505 % 2       DBH DBH err Ht. Ht. Err # 3.75 cm ± 1.25 cm     1 stem(s) 30 Toxicodendron radicans (L.) Kuntze Toxicodendron radicans (L.) Kuntze Toxicodendron radicans eastern poison ivy Toxicodendron radicans (L.) Kuntze **   Toxicodendron radicans (L.) Kuntze Toxicodendron radicans eastern poison ivy Toxicodendron radicans (L.) Kuntze **   -all-   0.505 % 2       -none- 31 Ampelopsis arborea (L.) Koehne Ampelopsis arborea (L.) Koehne Ampelopsis arborea peppervine Ampelopsis arborea (L.) Koehne **   Ampelopsis arborea (L.) Koehne Ampelopsis arborea peppervine Ampelopsis arborea (L.) Koehne **   -all-   0.05 % 1       -none- 32 Saururus cernuus L. Saururus cernuus L. Saururus cernuus lizard's tail Saururus cernuus L. **   Saururus cernuus L. Saururus cernuus lizard's tail Saururus cernuus L. **   -all-   0.05 % 1       -none- 33 Persea palustris (Raf.) Sarg. Persea palustris (Raf.) Sarg. Persea palustris swamp bay Persea palustris (Raf.) Sarg. **   Persea palustris (Raf.) Sarg. Persea palustris swamp bay Persea palustris (Raf.) Sarg. **   -all-   0.05 % 1       -none- 34 Pleopeltis polypodioides (L.) Andrews & Windham ssp. michauxiana (Weatherby) Andrews & Windham Pleopeltis polypodioides (L.) Andrews & Windham ssp. michauxiana (Weatherby) Andrews & Windham Pleopeltis polypodioides ssp. michauxiana resurrection fern Pleopeltis polypodioides (L.) Andrews & Windham ssp. michauxiana (Weatherby) Andrews & Windham **   Pleopeltis polypodioides (L.) Andrews & Windham ssp. michauxiana (Weatherby) Andrews & Windham Pleopeltis polypodioides ssp. michauxiana resurrection fern Pleopeltis polypodioides (L.) Andrews & Windham ssp. michauxiana (Weatherby) Andrews & Windham **   -all-   0.05 % 1       -none- 35 Decumaria barbara L. Decumaria barbara L. Decumaria barbara woodvamp Decumaria barbara L. **   Decumaria barbara L. Decumaria barbara woodvamp Decumaria barbara L. **   -all-   0.05 % 1       -none- 36 Smilax laurifolia L. Smilax laurifolia L. Smilax laurifolia laurel greenbrier Smilax laurifolia L. **   Smilax laurifolia L. Smilax laurifolia laurel greenbrier Smilax laurifolia L. **   -all-   0.05 % 1       -none- 37 Bignonia capreolata L. Bignonia capreolata L. Bignonia capreolata crossvine Bignonia capreolata L. **   Bignonia capreolata L. Bignonia capreolata crossvine Bignonia capreolata L. **   -all-   0.05 % 1       -none- 38 Berchemia scandens (Hill) K. Koch Berchemia scandens (Hill) K. Koch Berchemia scandens Alabama supplejack Berchemia scandens (Hill) K. Koch **   Berchemia scandens (Hill) K. Koch Berchemia scandens Alabama supplejack Berchemia scandens (Hill) K. Koch **   -all-   0.05 % 1       -none- 39 Osmunda cinnamomea L. var. cinnamomea Osmunda cinnamomea L. var. cinnamomea Osmunda cinnamomea var. cinnamomea cinnamon fern Osmunda cinnamomea L. var. cinnamomea **   Osmunda cinnamomea L. var. cinnamomea Osmunda cinnamomea var. cinnamomea cinnamon fern Osmunda cinnamomea L. var. cinnamomea **   -all-   0.05 % 1       -none- 40 Parthenocissus quinquefolia (L.) Planch. Parthenocissus quinquefolia (L.) Planch. Parthenocissus quinquefolia Virginia creeper Parthenocissus quinquefolia (L.) Planch. **   Parthenocissus quinquefolia (L.) Planch. Parthenocissus quinquefolia Virginia creeper Parthenocissus quinquefolia (L.) Planch. **   -all-   0.05 % 1       -none- 41 Smilax glauca Walt. Smilax glauca Walt. Smilax glauca cat greenbrier Smilax glauca Walt. **   Smilax glauca Walt. Smilax glauca cat greenbrier Smilax glauca Walt. **   -all-   0.05 % 1       -none- 42 Sassafras albidum (Nutt.) Nees Sassafras albidum (Nutt.) Nees Sassafras albidum sassafras Sassafras albidum (Nutt.) Nees **   Sassafras albidum (Nutt.) Nees Sassafras albidum sassafras Sassafras albidum (Nutt.) Nees **   -all-   0.05 % 1       -none- 43 Prunus caroliniana (P. Mill.) Ait. Prunus caroliniana (P. Mill.) Ait. Prunus caroliniana Carolina laurelcherry Prunus caroliniana (P. Mill.) Ait. **   Prunus caroliniana (P. Mill.) Ait. Prunus caroliniana Carolina laurelcherry Prunus caroliniana (P. Mill.) Ait. **   -all-   0.05 % 1       -none- 44 Smilax L. sp. Smilax L. Smilax greenbrier Smilax L. sp. **   Smilax L. Smilax greenbrier Smilax L. sp. **   -all-   0.05 % 1       -none- 45 Solanum carolinense L. var. carolinense Solanum carolinense L. var. carolinense Solanum carolinense var. carolinense Carolina horsenettle Solanum carolinense L. var. carolinense **   Solanum carolinense L. var. carolinense Solanum carolinense var. carolinense Carolina horsenettle Solanum carolinense L. var. carolinense **   -all-   0.05 % 1       -none- 46 Vitis aestivalis Michx. Vitis aestivalis Michx. Vitis aestivalis summer grape Vitis aestivalis Michx. **   Vitis aestivalis Michx. Vitis aestivalis summer grape Vitis aestivalis Michx. **   -all-   0.05 % 1       -none- 47 Oplismenus hirtellus (L.) Beauv. ssp. setarius (Lam.) Mez ex Ekman Oplismenus hirtellus (L.) Beauv. ssp. setarius (Lam.) Mez ex Ekman Oplismenus hirtellus ssp. setarius Oplismenus hirtellus (L.) Beauv. ssp. setarius (Lam.) Mez ex Ekman **   Oplismenus hirtellus (L.) Beauv. ssp. setarius (Lam.) Mez ex Ekman **   Oplismenus hirtellus (L.) Beauv. ssp. setarius (Lam.) Mez ex Ekman Oplismenus hirtellus ssp. setarius Oplismenus hirtellus (L.) Beauv. ssp. setarius (Lam.) Mez ex Ekman **   Oplismenus hirtellus (L.) Beauv. ssp. setarius (Lam.) Mez ex Ekman **   -all-   0.05 % 1       -none- 48 Diospyros virginiana L. Diospyros virginiana L. Diospyros virginiana common persimmon Diospyros virginiana L. **   Diospyros virginiana L. Diospyros virginiana common persimmon Diospyros virginiana L. **   -all-   0.05 % 1       -none- 49 Athyrium filix-femina (L.) Roth Athyrium filix-femina (L.) Roth Athyrium filix-femina common ladyfern Athyrium filix-femina (L.) Roth **   Athyrium filix-femina (L.) Roth Athyrium filix-femina common ladyfern Athyrium filix-femina (L.) Roth **   -all-   0.05 % 1       -none- 50 Panicum mattamuskeetense Ashe Panicum mattamuskeetense Ashe Panicum mattamuskeetense Panicum mattamuskeetense Ashe **   Panicum mattamuskeetense Ashe **   Panicum mattamuskeetense Ashe Panicum mattamuskeetense Panicum mattamuskeetense Ashe **   Panicum mattamuskeetense Ashe **   -all-   0.05 % 1       -none- 51 Poa compressa L. Poa compressa L. Poa compressa Canada bluegrass Poa compressa L. **   Poa compressa L. Poa compressa Canada bluegrass Poa compressa L. **   -all-   0.05 % 1       -none- 52 Rubus L. sp. Rubus L. Rubus blackberry Rubus L. sp. **   Rubus L. Rubus blackberry Rubus L. sp. **   -all-   0.05 % 1       DBH DBH err Ht. Ht. Err # 0.5 cm ± 0.5 cm     1 stem(s) 53 Carex L. sp. #2 Carex L. Carex sedge Carex L. sp. #2 **   Carex L. Carex sedge Carex L. sp. #2 **   -all-   0.05 % 1       -none- 54 Carex red fibrous base Carex sect. Acrocystis Carex sect. Acrocystis Carex red fibrous base **   Carex red fibrous base **   Carex sect. Acrocystis Carex sect. Acrocystis Carex red fibrous base **   Carex red fibrous base **   -all-   0.05 % 1       -none-
This table is SORTABLE. Click the headers to sort ascending and descending.

Stratum Definitions:
Stratum Type Stratum Base Stratum Height Stratum Cover Understory   10 m   Shrub   5 m   Herb   0.5 m   Canopy   30 m
This table is SORTABLE. Click the headers to sort ascending and descending.