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Hawaiian Fumarole Group | NatureServe Biotics 2019
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Name: Hawaiian Fumarole Group Reference: NatureServe Biotics 2019 Description: This group is restricted to areas of ongoing volcanic activity on the island of Hawai`i near steam vents of the Kilauea caldera and rift zones, but may extend to near the summit of Mauna Loa caldera and rift zones. Steam from the relatively permanent vents has varying amounts of chemical output (largely sulfur dioxide or other sulfur-rich compounds), which is a driving variable for this group. Fumarole communities are vegetated by blue-green algae and bryophytes, with zonal distribution apparently related to temperature and chemical concentrations. In the hottest, sulfur-rich areas, a slimy aggregate of blue-green algae may be the only vegetation, but outward from the vent, various species of bryophytes (mosses and liverworts) ring the vent in a manner analogous to algae in the intertidal zone. Finally, ferns and angiosperms from communities surrounding the vent appear at a variable distance from the vent, marking the transition out of the fumarole community. Substrates are recent volcanics, whether pâhoehoe, `a`â or overlain with cinder or ash.  Accession Code: urn:lsid:vegbank.org:commConcept:40167-{473EC2C3-B135-4801-B91D-799005FAD54F} Plot-observations of this Community Concept: 0
	Party Perspective according to: NatureServe (organization) Perspective from: 27-May-2016 to: ongoing
	status: accepted Community's Parent: Hawaiian High Montane Scrub & Grassland Macrogroup This Community's Level: Group This Community's Children: [none]		Names:   UID: ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.860860 NatureServe Explorer   Code: G443   Scientific: Hawaiian Fumarole Group