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Comm #1071
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Platanus occidentalis - Fraxinus pennsylvanica Floodplain Forest
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accession code: urn:lsid:vegbank.org:commConcept:34686-{E5680D8A-4DEC-4980-897D-9176FB51B3CA}
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NatureServe Biotics 2019 |
17
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This floodplain forest of the northeastern United States, primarily in the northern Piedmont, is a broadly defined successional or young version of medium-gradient river floodplain forest occurring on coarse alluvial substrates. The canopy is closed to somewhat open and usually dominated by <i>Platanus occidentalis</i>. <i>Populus deltoides, Acer saccharinum</i>, and <i>Ulmus americana</i> are usually present but not common; occasional associates include <i>Acer negundo, Fraxinus pennsylvanica, Juglans cinerea, Carya cordiformis, Celtis occidentalis, Acer saccharum</i>, and <i>Acer rubrum</i>. Shrubs or subcanopy are variable depending on geography and can include <i>Betula nigra, Carpinus caroliniana, Salix nigra, Lindera benzoin</i>, or <i>Alnus serrulata</i>, plus exotic invasives such as <i>Rosa multiflora, Berberis thunbergii</i>, and <i>Lonicera morrowii</i>. The herbaceous layer tends to be sparse to locally abundant and can include <i>Matteuccia struthiopteris, Osmunda cinnamomea, Onoclea sensibilis, Geum canadense, Impatiens pallida, Boehmeria cylindrica, Urtica dioica, Solidago rugosa, Hydrophyllum virginianum, Carex bromoides, Ageratina altissima</i>, plus vine species <i>Toxicodendron radicans</i> and <i>Parthenocissus quinquefolia</i>. There is typically a very high component of disturbance-tolerant exotic species such as <i>Lysimachia nummularia, Glechoma hederacea, Microstegium vimineum, Hesperis matronalis, Aegopodium podagraria, Polygonum cuspidatum</i>, and <i>Alliaria petiolata</i>. |
Comm #1072
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Pinus taeda / Morella cerifera / Osmunda regalis var. spectabilis Swamp Forest
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accession code: urn:lsid:vegbank.org:commConcept:34785-{295B4974-C195-4988-90F6-8DD91D647D9E}
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NatureServe Biotics 2019 |
17
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This maritime/coastal wetland forest occurs in backdune depressions with high water tables and fringing estuaries from Delaware to North Carolina. Examples are characterized by a closed to partially open canopy dominated by <i>Pinus taeda</i>. Other canopy associates may be absent, or may include <i>Acer rubrum, Persea palustris</i>, or <i>Liquidambar styraciflua</i>. The understory is made up of vines, strongly dominated by <i>Smilax rotundifolia</i>, with lesser amounts of <i>Toxicodendron radicans</i> and <i>Parthenocissus quinquefolia</i>. In addition to comprising the majority of the ground layer of these forests, these vines are relatively large-stemmed lianas that contribute significant cover to the canopy by covering the lower branches of trees. <i>Morella cerifera</i> is a typical shrub of this community. The herbaceous layer is usually relatively sparse, characterized most frequently by ferns such as <i>Woodwardia areolata, Osmunda regalis var. spectabilis</i>, or <i>Osmunda cinnamomea</i>, and farther south (in North Carolina) by <i>Chasmanthium laxum</i>. <i>Polygonum pensylvanicum</i> may also occur. On Assateague Island National Seashore, <i>Pinus taeda</i> dominates the canopy, with occasional <i>Acer rubrum</i>. <i>Smilax rotundifolia</i> is the strongly dominant vine of the understory, with lesser amounts of <i>Toxicodendron radicans</i> and <i>Parthenocissus quinquefolia</i>. <i>Morella cerifera</i> is also a minor component of this vegetation. Trees tend to occur on slightly elevated hummocks, with standing water evident in hollows. <i>Phragmites australis, Rubus argutus, Panicum virgatum</i>, and <i>Polygonum pensylvanicum</i> also occur within this community on Assateague Island National Seashore. Tree diameters range from 12-36 cm dbh. This community occurs primarily on the bayside of the island adjacent to salt marsh. Soils are characterized by moderately shallow muck (15 cm) overlying organic matter-stained sands. This vegetation occurs adjacent to salt marshes, sometimes even forming small 'islands' within high salt marsh. In North Carolina, it may extend well inland fringing bays and sounds on wet saturated flats that are flooded by storm tides. |
Comm #1073
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Pinus taeda - Quercus laurifolia - Chamaecyparis thyoides - (Quercus virginiana) / Vaccinium elliottii Riparian Forest
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accession code: urn:lsid:vegbank.org:commConcept:35742-{B2567CB9-EDE3-45FE-8447-15F4FDA3E178}
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NatureServe Biotics 2019 |
17
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These forests occur along sandy blackwater streams, and on low, sandy terraces and levees, on the Atlantic Coastal Plain of North and South Carolina. The canopy is dominated by <i>Pinus taeda, Quercus laurifolia</i>, and <i>Chamaecyparis thyoides</i>. The canopy of some stands will contain <i>Quercus virginiana</i>. Other canopy species that may be present include <i>Quercus lyrata, Quercus phellos, Quercus nigra, Acer rubrum, Pinus taeda</i>, and <i>Liquidambar styraciflua</i>. The understory may contain <i>Acer rubrum, Persea palustris, Ilex opaca</i>, and <i>Magnolia virginiana</i>. The often dense shrub layer may contain <i>Itea virginica, Cyrilla racemiflora, Clethra alnifolia</i>, and <i>Vaccinium elliottii</i> among other species. <i>Arundinaria gigantea</i> is also common in these forests. |
Comm #1074
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Chamaecyparis thyoides - (Liriodendron tulipifera) / Lyonia lucida Swamp Forest
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accession code: urn:lsid:vegbank.org:commConcept:35754-{26546710-CE62-4660-8CE8-4E6209850780}
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NatureServe Biotics 2019 |
17
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This forest, found along streams or at seepages in the Fall-line Sandhills, is usually dominated by <i>Chamaecyparis thyoides</i>, but possesses a mixed-species canopy with <i>Liriodendron tulipifera</i> usually present. It is found in the Sandhills area of North Carolina, South Carolina, and Georgia, but is possible on the outer coastal terraces of North Carolina, South Carolina, and Georgia. The ground surface has little exposed soil. The community is not flood-prone, nor exposed to frequent fire. It occurs at seepage areas where water infiltration is impeded by an impervious clay layer and therefore flows out where the hardpan intersects the soil surface, usually on a slope and often creating a streamhead. The community also occurs at streamsides of small blackwater streams. Soils are generally acidic and saturated throughout the year and often are of the Torhunta (Typic Humaquept) and Johnston (Cumulic Humaquept) series. The canopy contains <i>Chamaecyparis thyoides</i>, with <i>Liriodendron tulipifera, Pinus serotina, Pinus taeda, Nyssa biflora</i>, and <i>Acer rubrum</i>. The subcanopy contains <i>Persea palustris</i> and <i>Magnolia virginiana</i>. The shrub stratum is tall and includes <i>Cyrilla racemiflora, Ilex coriacea, Ilex glabra, Lyonia lucida</i>, and <i>Vaccinium formosum</i>. <i>Toxicodendron radicans, Smilax laurifolia</i> and <i>Smilax rotundifolia</i> are extremely frequent in most occurrences. <i>Arundinaria tecta</i> is common. Herbaceous species that may be present include <i>Drosera capillaris, Drosera rotundifolia, Sarracenia flava, Sarracenia rubra, Peltandra virginica, Mayaca fluviatilis</i>, and <i>Orontium aquaticum</i>. <i>Sphagnum</i> spp. are also present. |
Comm #1075
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Juglans nigra / Verbesina alternifolia Ruderal Forest
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accession code: urn:lsid:vegbank.org:commConcept:36063-{3EFA4AE9-4B0C-4996-A058-21A511C73607}
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NatureServe Biotics 2019 |
17
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This successional black walnut forest of the eastern United States occurs in a variety of habitats, all associated with disturbance, and frequently associated with rich or circumneutral soils, usually having a neutral to basic pH. These habitats include ridgetops, slopes, floodplains, alluvial terraces, and the floors of sinkholes. These are all generally areas that were cleared for agriculture or homesites. It has been documented from various-sized drainages. The community was originally defined from former homesites in Great Smoky Mountains National Park, where this association is an open, successional forest. It has since been found on some old pasture sites, associated with former settlements, from Georgia northeast to Pennsylvania, and is potentially a wide-ranging type. It has also been sampled from the floors of sinkholes and other related areas at Mammoth Cave National Park. The canopy can be closed to somewhat open. <i>Juglans nigra</i> forms at least half of the canopy and is often the sole canopy tree. Associated canopy trees vary from site to site and can include <i>Liriodendron tulipifera, Juglans cinerea, Robinia pseudoacacia, Fraxinus americana, Ulmus americana, Platanus occidentalis, Acer saccharum, Acer nigrum, Morus rubra</i>, and <i>Aesculus flava</i>. Additional tree species in the subcanopy can include <i>Carya cordiformis</i> and <i>Celtis occidentalis</i>. <i>Sassafras albidum</i> and/or <i>Carpinus caroliniana</i> may be present as small trees. The shrub layer may or may not be well-developed; common species include <i>Asimina triloba, Viburnum prunifolium, Lindera benzoin, Corylus americana</i>, and the exotic invasive <i>Rosa multiflora</i>. The herb layer is variable, often with one or a few species providing most of the cover. <i>Verbesina alternifolia</i> (within its range) and <i>Ageratina altissima</i> are characteristic and may be dominant; other herbs include <i>Ambrosia trifida, Amphicarpaea bracteata, Agrimonia pubescens, Apios americana, Cryptotaenia canadensis, Galium triflorum, Osmorhiza longistylis, Dichanthelium clandestinum, Packera aurea, Polygonum virginianum, Rudbeckia laciniata, Podophyllum peltatum, Impatiens capensis, Circaea lutetiana ssp. canadensis, Viola striata</i>, and <i>Ambrosia trifida</i>. The invasive exotics <i>Microstegium vimineum, Alliaria petiolata, Rosa multiflora</i>, and <i>Polygonum cespitosum</i> can be common in this community. |
Comm #1076
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Quercus phellos - Quercus (michauxii, shumardii) / (Quercus oglethorpensis) / Zephyranthes atamasca Gabbro Wet Forest
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accession code: urn:lsid:vegbank.org:commConcept:36545-{2781B8FF-64B3-45FE-A874-755BA60B7BE3}
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NatureServe Biotics 2019 |
17
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This association represents the wet hardwood forests (Iredell Flatwoods) which occur on gently sloping terrain or shallowly depressed upland flats over gabbro-derived clays in the Piedmont of Georgia and South Carolina. In Georgia, these sites are locally known as the "Monticello Glades," "Monticello Bottomlands," or "Gladesville Glades," from local placenames. Stands of this association are dominated by a variable combination of <i>Quercus phellos, Quercus shumardii, Quercus michauxii</i>, and <i>Fraxinus americana</i>. There are two apparent spatially intergrading phases of this association, the "wet-mesic" one (with an apparently shorter hydroperiod) which contains substantial <i>Quercus shumardii</i> and very little <i>Quercus phellos</i>; the other, longer hydroperiod one has much higher dominance by <i>Quercus phellos</i> and may lack <i>Quercus shumardii</i>. Other species that can be found in the canopy and/or subcanopy include <i>Ulmus americana, Liquidambar styraciflua, Quercus michauxii, Carya</i> spp., and <i>Juglans nigra</i>. Some other subcanopy species include <i>Acer floridanum, Cornus florida, Morus rubra, Crataegus viridis, Cercis canadensis, Sideroxylon lycioides</i>, and <i>Celtis occidentalis</i>. The composition of the shrub strata varies from one stand to another, but some examples may have dominance by <i>Sabal minor</i>. Vines are abundant and diverse. They may include <i>Vitis rotundifolia, Toxicodendron radicans, Berchemia scandens, Parthenocissus quinquefolia, Campsis radicans, Cocculus carolinus, Bignonia capreolata, Smilax bona-nox, Smilax glauca, Smilax rotundifolia, Matelea carolinensis, Trachelospermum difforme, Passiflora lutea</i>, and <i>Lonicera sempervirens</i>. Some of the more abundant herbs include <i>Dichanthelium boscii, Chasmanthium sessiliflorum, Glyceria striata</i> (which may dominate some more open, wetter stands), <i>Carex tribuloides, Carex</i> spp., and <i>Scutellaria integrifolia</i>. Landscape context and position, along with the distinctive geology and soil type, separate this community from alluvial bottomland communities with similar canopy composition. These forests are seasonally wet and are on the borderline between upland, saturated, and seasonally flooded. Because of the very subdued topography, the water table is never far from the surface, and the ground may be saturated for extended periods of time during the growing season. |
Comm #1077
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Aronia melanocarpa - Gaylussacia baccata / Carex pensylvanica Shrubland
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accession code: urn:lsid:vegbank.org:commConcept:36569-{E98F0993-1428-4F8C-8435-845F1171374B}
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NatureServe Biotics 2019 |
17
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This community type is known from scattered localities along nearly the full length of the Blue Ridge in Virginia and could potentially occur in North Carolina, West Virginia, Maryland, and Pennsylvania. This vegetation type is associated with medium- to high-elevation exposed outcrops of igneous and metamorphic rocks, including metabasalt (greenstone), porphyritic leucocharnockite, amphibolite, and rhyolite. Elevation ranges from about 880 to 1400 m (2900-4600 feet). Habitats are typically on strongly convex, upper slopes and rocky summits with west to northwest or flat aspects. The community is a patchwork of shrub thickets, small herbaceous mats, and exposed, lichen-covered rock surfaces. <i>Aronia melanocarpa</i> is the dominant shrub, or is codominant with <i>Gaylussacia baccata, Hamamelis virginiana, Smilax tamnoides</i>, and/or <i>Kalmia latifolia</i>. Minor woody components include <i>Sorbus americana, Rhododendron catawbiense</i>, and <i>Menziesia pilosa</i>, as well as severely stunted <i>Betula alleghaniensis</i> and <i>Quercus rubra</i>. |
Comm #1078
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Quercus chrysolepis / Arctostaphylos viscida Forest
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accession code: urn:lsid:vegbank.org:commConcept:36650-{9A4BAF35-477C-4E87-A43F-FB02765B395F}
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NatureServe Biotics 2019 |
17
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This forest association is currently only known from Yosemite National Park in California, and the following description is based on occurrences there. Additional information will be added as it becomes available. Stands of this forest are found on xeric sites at low to mid elevations (490-1890 m [1600-6200 feet]) at the low to upper portions of linear slopes of all aspects. These sites tend to moderately steep to steep (10-36°) with a high level of sun exposure. This association is found on poorly developed, rapidly drained to somewhat poorly drained soils that are mostly shallow but occasionally have medium depths, and textures range from rocky, sandy loam to clay loam that are derived from metamorphic, igneous, granitic parent material. This association is often found on open, rocky slopes with rock outcrops, benches and granite slabs. Litter tends to be high (62-86% cover). Disturbance at these stands is usually low but can be moderate. Stands of this forest usually form a two-story structure with an intermittent to continuous tree layer. This association is dominated by <i>Quercus chrysolepis</i> in the tree layer and <i>Arctostaphylos viscida</i> in the shrub layer. <i>Toxicodendron diversilobum</i> is also commonly found in the shrub layer. A variety of other species are found in this association, although far less common or constant, including <i>Pinus attenuata, Pinus ponderosa, Pinus sabiniana, Pinus coulteri, Quercus wislizeni, Aesculus californica, Arctostaphylos mewukka, Ceanothus cuneatus, Cercis canadensis var. texensis, Chamaebatia foliolosa, Bromus diandrus</i>, and <i>Vulpia myuros</i>. Other species that may be found contributing to minor cover include <i>Pentagramma triangularis, Galium bolanderi, Melica californica, Symphoricarpos mollis, Dryopteris arguta, Rhamnus ilicifolia</i>, and moss. |
Comm #1079
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Quercus wislizeni - Arctostaphylos viscida Woodland
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accession code: urn:lsid:vegbank.org:commConcept:36686-{68CC0CC0-7AAE-480C-BDBF-1E2A3512F8EF}
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NatureServe Biotics 2019 |
17
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This association is found in the Sierra Nevada and foothill regions from Yuba to Madera counties and in Shasta County, California. Stands of this woodland are found at low elevations (180-1300 m [600-4250 feet]) on all aspects of slopes that are primarily less than 45%. Soils are moderately deep, poorly drained to rapidly drained. Soil textures range from gravelly sands to clayey loams from granitic, metamorphic and some sedimentary parent materials. Stands of this woodland are dominated by <i>Quercus wislizeni, Arctostaphylos viscida</i>, and <i>Ceanothus cuneatus</i> with an understory of grasses. <i>Quercus kelloggii</i> and <i>Quercus douglasii</i> may also be found in this association, but are of low cover. Shrubs that may be found here include <i>Heteromeles arbutifolia, Toxicodendron diversilobum</i>, and <i>Rhamnus crocea</i>. Rarely occurring are <i>Aesculus californica, Calocedrus decurrens, Pinus ponderosa, Pseudotsuga menziesii, Quercus chrysolepis, Quercus lobata, Quercus durata, Quercus x morehus, Corylus cornuta, Fremontodendron californicum, Pinus sabiniana, Adenostoma fasciculatum, Arctostaphylos manzanita, Arctostaphylos viscida ssp. mariposa, Cercocarpus montanus var. glaber, Ceanothus integerrimus, Chamaebatia foliolosa, Diplacus aurantiacus, Eriodictyon californicum, Garrya veatchii, Lonicera subspicata, Prunus subcordata, Frangula californica, Rhus trilobata, Ribes californicum, Ribes roezlii, Rosa californica, Sambucus nigra ssp. cerulea, Symphoricarpos albus var. laevigatus, Apocynum cannabinum, Triteleia laxa, Erodium cicutarium, Ericameria arborescens</i>, and <i>Lupinus albifrons</i>. |
Comm #1080
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Oak - Mixed Hardwood Palustrine Forest
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accession code: urn:lsid:ecoobs.vegbank.org:commConcept:17622-{1766911B-1E62-46F0-BD5A-ED2D6171AE3D}
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Zimmerman et al. 2012 |
17
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