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Description |
Comm #1261
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Acer saccharum - Fraxinus spp. - Tilia americana / Matteuccia struthiopteris - Ageratina altissima Floodplain Forest
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accession code: urn:lsid:vegbank.org:commConcept:34762-{23ADFBFB-7354-4C53-9082-E23D16AE987E}
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NatureServe Biotics 2019 |
14
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These rich floodplain forests are found on slightly elevated alluvial terraces and active floodplains of larger rivers throughout the glaciated Northeast. The setting is a raised river terrace; however, this forest may occur very close to the riverbank, if the water channel is well-entrenched, and may even be on sloping banks along some river reaches. The alluvial soils are coarse and less regularly inundated than the soils supporting silver maple floodplain forests. Many of our examples occur on circumneutral to slightly calcareous soils. The canopy is closed to somewhat open, and unlike lower elevation floodplain forests, a subcanopy is often present. Shrubs are occasional but do not form high cover. The herb layer is well-developed and seasonally variable, with spring ephemerals giving way to taller ferns, graminoids and forbs. Bryoids are very minor. The canopy dominants can vary from site to site but are usually some combination of <i>Acer saccharum, Tilia americana, Quercus rubra, Ulmus americana, Fraxinus americana, Fraxinus pennsylvanica</i>, and <i>Prunus serotina</i>. Minor canopy associates include <i>Acer saccharinum, Juglans cinerea, Fraxinus nigra</i>, and <i>Acer rubrum</i>. Shrubs include <i>Corylus americana, Viburnum lentago</i>, and <i>Prunus virginiana</i>; vines, such as <i>Toxicodendron radicans, Parthenocissus</i> spp., or <i>Vitis</i> spp., may be locally common. The herb layer usually features <i>Matteuccia struthiopteris</i> and a mixture of other ferns, forbs and graminoids. Characteristic species include <i>Ageratina altissima, Allium tricoccum, Allium canadense, Athyrium filix-femina, Caulophyllum thalictroides, Carex gracillima, Carex intumescens, Carex sprengelii, Deparia acrostichoides, Elymus virginicus, Elymus riparius, Elymus wiegandii, Onoclea sensibilis, Sanguinaria canadensis, Solidago flexicaulis, Solidago rugosa</i>, and <i>Solidago gigantea</i>, in addition to abundant spring ephemerals in the early growing season. Exotic species, such as <i>Lysimachia nummularia, Glechoma hederacea</i>, and <i>Hesperis matronalis</i>, may be abundant, especially in disturbed areas. These terrace forests are distinguished from lower floodplain forests by the reduced importance of <i>Acer saccharinum</i>; they differ from enriched northern hardwood forests, e.g., ~<i>Acer saccharum - Fraxinus americana / Acer spicatum / Caulophyllum thalictroides</i> Forest (CEGL006636)$$ and ~<i>Acer saccharum - Tilia americana / Acer pensylvanicum / Caulophyllum thalictroides</i> Forest (CEGL006637)$$, in their alluvial soils and flooding regime; also, <i>Matteuccia struthiopteris</i> is generally not found in enriched northern hardwood forests. |
Comm #1262
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Pinus rigida / (Quercus ilicifolia) / Aronia melanocarpa / Deschampsia flexuosa Woodland
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accession code: urn:lsid:vegbank.org:commConcept:34764-{6DF8ED40-0142-4986-84D7-C7DEFF5C9284}
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NatureServe Biotics 2019 |
14
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This northeastern pitch pine community occurs on dry rocky ridges and summits of low to moderate elevations. Soils are derived from acidic bedrock and are typically shallow, well- to excessively drained, coarse sands or gravels that develop in pockets of the exposed bedrock expanses. The canopy is open and trees are often stunted, usually less than 15 m in height and may be under 10 m. Tall shrubs are scattered and not abundant. The dwarf-shrub layer is moderately to well-developed (>20% cover, often more dense). Herbs are sparse. The bryoid layer is of variable cover, with lichens prominent. The ground cover is bare rock and deciduous and coniferous litter. The canopy is dominated by <i>Pinus rigida</i> with a variable mixture of associates, such as <i>Betula populifolia, Quercus rubra, Quercus montana, Carya glabra, Pinus strobus, Pinus resinosa, Betula lenta, Acer rubrum</i>, and <i>Prunus serotina</i>. The tall-shrub layer is composed of scattered <i>Quercus ilicifolia, Quercus prinoides</i>, or less commonly <i>Ilex mucronata</i>. The shrub layer is dominated by heaths, such as <i>Vaccinium angustifolium, Vaccinium pallidum, Vaccinium myrtilloides</i>, and <i>Gaylussacia baccata</i>, as well as other shrubs, such as <i>Comptonia peregrina</i> and <i>Aronia melanocarpa</i>. The herbaceous layer typically includes <i>Pteridium aquilinum, Schizachyrium scoparium, Deschampsia flexuosa, Danthonia spicata, Carex pensylvanica</i> and/or <i>Carex lucorum, Maianthemum canadense, Aralia nudicaulis, Melampyrum lineare, Fragaria virginiana, Rumex acetosella, Erechtites hieraciifolius, Corydalis sempervirens, Trientalis borealis</i>, and <i>Cypripedium acaule</i>. In the northern Appalachian Mountains, this community generally occurs at elevations from near sea level to 520 m (1700 feet) and may include species of northern affinity, such as <i>Viburnum nudum, Kalmia angustifolia, Betula papyrifera, Picea rubens</i>, and <i>Rhododendron canadense</i>. Periodic fires are probably necessary for persistence of this type, except at the most extreme sites. |
Comm #1263
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Picea rubens / Kalmia latifolia - Menziesia pilosa Woodland
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accession code: urn:lsid:vegbank.org:commConcept:34901-{98622BCA-7628-4F67-BBD9-BBAC9A776F42}
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NatureServe Biotics 2019 |
14
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This red spruce woodland occurs on acidic bedrock outcrops or summits on the Allegheny Front of the Central Appalachians. The community is characterized by a stunted, open canopy of <i>Picea rubens</i>, with abundant heath shrubs and lichens. Soil is sparse, generally occurring in cracks and pore spaces between rocks, and characterized by very high organic matter and low macro- and micronutrients. Large seasonal temperature variations are recorded for this habitat. The open canopy is strongly dominated by <i>Picea rubens</i>, with much lower cover of <i>Pinus rigida, Acer rubrum, Betula alleghaniensis var. alleghaniensis, Amelanchier laevis, Sorbus americana</i>, and <i>Tsuga canadensis</i>. The shrub strata are diverse with abundant <i>Kalmia latifolia</i> accompanied by <i>Vaccinium angustifolium, Ilex mucronata, Rhododendron maximum, Menziesia pilosa, Gaylussacia baccata, Photinia melanocarpa, Vaccinium erythrocarpum</i>, and other shrubs. The herbaceous layer is sparse, often including <i>Maianthemum canadense, Pteridium aquilinum</i>, and <i>Polypodium appalachianum</i>. The nonvascular stratum has significant diversity, much of which occurs as abundant crustose lichens on the rocky substrate. In addition to crustose lichens, the nonvascular layer often includes <i>Cladonia rangiferina, Umbilicaria muhlenbergii, Hypnum imponens, Leucobryum glaucum, Pleurozium schreberi</i>, and <i>Lasallia papulosa</i>. Along the Allegheny Front at Red Creek Plains and Helmick Run in West Virginia, a variant of this woodland occurs with <i>Pinus rigida</i> codominant in the canopy. |
Comm #1264
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Pinus strobus - Quercus (rubra, velutina) - Fagus grandifolia Forest
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accession code: urn:lsid:vegbank.org:commConcept:34940-{C8CF93EC-0F8D-4187-ADD4-D7AFA99AD538}
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NatureServe Biotics 2019 |
14
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This mixed white pine - oak forest of the northeastern U.S. occurs on dry-mesic to mesic, acidic, nutrient-poor, sandy loam to sandy soils. In the northern glaciated portion of the range, the forest occurs on outwash plains or moraines, as well as along mid and lower slopes and within protected ravines, and on protected ridges or upper slopes of shale, sandstone or other sedimentary rock, occasionally underlain by metamorphic or igneous rock. Along the unglaciated plateau, this community occurs on rolling topography underlain by sandstone. It occurs at elevations below 915 m (3000 feet) throughout the range. The tree canopy is dominated by a mixture of <i>Pinus strobus</i> and oaks, including <i>Quercus velutina, Quercus rubra, Quercus alba, Quercus prinus</i> (usually in minor amounts), and <i>Quercus coccinea</i>, primarily only in the southern portions of the range. Oak species drop out at the northern extreme of the type's range, leaving only <i>Quercus rubra</i>. <i>Fagus grandifolia</i> is characteristic over much of the range of this type but is absent in some areas. Other less frequent canopy associates may include <i>Acer rubrum, Betula lenta, Carya alba, Pinus rigida, Populus tremuloides, Fraxinus americana, Ulmus americana, Tsuga canadensis</i>, and at the northern range limit may include <i>Betula papyrifera</i> and <i>Populus grandidentata</i>. The variable subcanopy may include <i>Hamamelis virginiana</i> or <i>Prunus serotina</i>; other species such as <i>Carpinus caroliniana, Cornus florida</i>, and <i>Nyssa sylvatica</i> may be present in the central and southern portions of the range. It has a sparse to well-developed, generally ericaceous shrub layer. The herb layer ranges from sparse to moderately dense cover. In disturbed settings, <i>Rhamnus cathartica</i> may be an abundant shrub. The bryophyte layer is not well-documented. This association is differentiated from mixed oak-pine forests to the south by <i>Fagus grandifolia</i> and the absence of southern-ranging species <i>Liriodendron tulipifera, Galax urceolata, Trillium catesbaei, Halesia tetraptera</i>, and others. The absence of <i>Ilex glabra</i> and the unimportance of <i>Quercus alba</i> differentiate this type from a closely related association of northeastern coastal areas, <i>~Pinus strobus - Quercus alba / Ilex glabra</i> Forest (CEGL006382)$$. Earlier successional versions in New England have less dominance by <i>Pinus </i>spp. (usually) and more by <i>Betula</i> spp. and <i>Acer rubrum</i>; these are separated as ~<i>Quercus rubra - Acer rubrum - Betula</i> spp. - <i>Pinus strobus </i>Ruderal Forest (CEGL006506)$$. |
Comm #1265
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Fraxinus americana - Juniperus virginiana / Opuntia humifusa - Phemeranthus (teretifolius, piedmontanus) Outcrop Barrens
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accession code: urn:lsid:vegbank.org:commConcept:34941-{B4D0E410-58B7-474B-BB5E-3715B9F8D0DD}
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NatureServe Biotics 2019 |
14
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This community is known only from scattered mafic outcrops in the northern Virginia Piedmont. It occupies exposed, xeric bedrock exposures and has a mixed physiognomy best characterized as herbaceous with scattered, stunted trees. <i>Fraxinus americana</i> and <i>Juniperus virginiana</i> are the most typical woody plants. Dominant and diagnostic lower-strata species include <i>Opuntia humifusa, Phemeranthus teretifolius, Polygonum tenue, Krigia virginica, Carex pensylvanica</i>, and <i>Danthonia spicata</i>. |
Comm #1266
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Juniperus virginiana / Dasiphora fruticosa / Carex flava - Carex tetanica Fen
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accession code: urn:lsid:vegbank.org:commConcept:35002-{B5FD1778-444D-44ED-BBE6-1630A22A4980}
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NatureServe Biotics 2019 |
14
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This association is a saturated wetland of turfy mineral soil occurring over calcareous bedrock, a fen supporting a number of calciphitic species. It occurs in New York, New Jersey and Pennsylvania. It varies in appearance from an open shrubland to open herbaceous vegetation. The tall-shrub layer, when present, is 2-5 m in height with 20% cover or less. Typical tall shrubs include <i>Cornus amomum, Juniperus virginiana</i>, and <i>Toxicodendron vernix</i>. Typical short shrubs include <i>Dasiphora fruticosa ssp. floribunda, Spiraea tomentosa, Spiraea alba var. latifolia</i>, and <i>Lyonia ligustrina</i>. Other characteristic, often calciphilic, shrubs include <i>Salix candida</i> and <i>Salix discolor</i>. Invasive shrubs may be locally abundant in some fens, especially <i>Rosa multiflora</i> and <i>Elaeagnus umbellata</i>. The herbaceous layer is greater than 75% cover (often near 100%). Dominant herb species include <i>Packera aurea, Parnassia glauca, Thelypteris palustris, Pycnanthemum tenuifolium, Onoclea sensibilis, Juncus subcaudatus, Solidago rugosa, Carex stricta, Dryopteris cristata</i>, and <i>Juncus dudleyi</i>. Other associates include <i>Juncus nodosus, Equisetum fluviatile, Sisyrinchium angustifolium, Solidago uliginosa, Eupatorium maculatum, Liatris spicata, Spiranthes lucida, Rudbeckia fulgida, Pedicularis canadensis</i>, and <i>Pedicularis lanceolata</i>. A number of calciphilic herb species are often present at low cover values, including <i>Lobelia kalmii, Epilobium strictum, Carex tetanica, Carex flava, Juncus brachycephalus, Bromus kalmii, Cypripedium parviflorum, Geum rivale</i>, and <i>Castilleja coccinea</i>. <i>Lythrum salicaria</i> can be an abundant weed species in some fens. This vegetation has been generally affected by grazing in the past, which in some cases continues to the present, and as such this vegetation is known locally as a pasture fen. |
Comm #1267
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Acer rubrum / Viburnum nudum - Aronia arbutifolia / Smilax laurifolia / Carex debilis var. pubera Seep Forest
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accession code: urn:lsid:vegbank.org:commConcept:35358-{75CC8E65-CA3A-4095-88C7-DF5E54C90D14}
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NatureServe Biotics 2019 |
14
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This community occurs in seepage-fed wetlands in the upper Piedmont and Blue Ridge regions, on lower slopes or in the edges of bottomlands in places that are not actively flooded. The vegetation is generally a closed or nearly closed forest, if there has not been recent disturbance. It includes a variety of plants that are more characteristic of Coastal Plain wetlands than of the Blue Ridge or upper Piedmont where it occurs. The dominant canopy species are generally <i>Acer rubrum var. trilobum</i> and <i>Nyssa</i> sp. Dominant or frequent shrubs include <i>Viburnum nudum var. nudum, Alnus serrulata, Aronia arbutifolia, Ilex verticillata, Vaccinium corymbosum, Vaccinium fuscatum, Itea virginica</i>, and <i>Toxicodendron vernix</i>. The herb layer may be fairly diverse. Species include <i>Carex debilis var. pubera, Carex leptalea, Carex lurida, Carex atlantica ssp. atlantica, Carex atlantica ssp. capillacea, Woodwardia areolata, Osmunda cinnamomea, Lycopus virginicus, Leersia virginica</i>, and <i>Chelone</i> sp. |
Comm #1268
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Quercus douglasii / Juniperus californica – Cercocarpus montanus Association
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accession code: urn:lsid:vegtwig.vegbank.org:commconcept:439-{F9BEA6F4-82E3-403D-A2BA-AB3A9072AE0D}
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MCV2 |
14
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71.020.42 |
Comm #1269
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Northern hardwood forest
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accession code: urn:lsid:ecoobs.vegbank.org:commConcept:17544-{77FDB8FE-DA02-4E2B-8002-6BECD9A9AF87}
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Zimmerman et al. 2012 |
14
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Comm #1270
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Bromus hordeaceus – Holocarpha virgata – Taeniatherum caput-medusae Semi-natural Association
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accession code: urn:lsid:vegtwig.vegbank.org:commconcept:343-{8CCD1FF9-D59F-48D8-8EB1-9C55CB2FAF86}
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MCV2 |
14
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42.026.14 |
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