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Comm #1401	Sabal palmetto - Quercus laurifolia - Quercus virginiana - Magnolia virginiana - Ulmus americana Swamp Forest » more details accession code: urn:lsid:vegbank.org:commConcept:33456-{EED3D6B0-C0F4-4F55-BDA7-525E810A6FD3}	NatureServe Biotics 2019	12	This association represents temperate hydric hammocks of Florida and adjacent Georgia. Although this type extends into central Florida, where it may be best developed, examples lack tropical flora. These hydric hammocks typically form where deep groundwater seeps slowly from limestone outcrops. This vegetation is characterized by a moderately diverse canopy, usually composed of <i>Sabal palmetto, Quercus virginiana, Quercus laurifolia, Magnolia virginiana, Ulmus americana</i>, and sometimes also <i>Pinus taeda, Acer rubrum, Quercus nigra, Celtis laevigata, Liquidambar styraciflua, Fraxinus pennsylvanica</i>, and others. Typical understory species can include <i>Carpinus caroliniana ssp. caroliniana, Cornus foemina, Diospyros virginiana, Magnolia virginiana, Persea palustris, Nyssa biflora</i>, and canopy species. Typical shrubs and woody vines include <i>Sabal minor, Rhapidophyllum hystrix, Viburnum obovatum, Berchemia scandens, Callicarpa americana, Nekemias arborea, Persea palustris</i>, and <i>Toxicodendron radicans</i>. In northeastern Florida, at the Timucuan Ecological and Historic Preserve, dead and dying <i>Persea palustris</i> indicate that these hydric hammocks are being affected by laurel wilt, which is caused by a vascular wilt fungus that is transmitted to species in the Lauraceae family via the non-native redbay ambrosia beetle (<i>Xyleborus glabratus</i>).
Comm #1402	Pinus elliottii / Spartina patens - Juncus roemerianus - (Panicum virgatum) Tidal Woodland » more details accession code: urn:lsid:vegbank.org:commConcept:33727-{A6B5369B-EEE0-44D0-89B1-861DEBDFB76E}	NatureServe Biotics 2019	12	This slash pine woodland occurs in immediate near-coastal areas of the East Gulf Coastal Plain and possibly adjacent areas of the South Atlantic Coastal Plain. It has a high water table maintained by its occurrence on flat shores very slightly above sea level. It is not inundated by normal lunar tides, but receives inundation in storm and hurricane events. The typically open (though sometimes dense) canopy is dominated by <i>Pinus elliottii var. elliottii</i>. The subcanopy is generally poorly developed; the shrub stratum may be well- or poorly developed, with species such as <i>Morella cerifera, Serenoa repens, Ilex glabra, Baccharis halimifolia, Persea palustris, Iva frutescens</i>, and scattered <i>Sabal minor</i> present. The herbaceous stratum is dense and typically consists of <i>Spartina patens, Juncus roemerianus, Rhynchospora</i> sp., and <i>Panicum virgatum</i>.
Comm #1403	Picea rubens - (Betula alleghaniensis, Aesculus flava) / Rhododendron (maximum, catawbiense) Forest » more details accession code: urn:lsid:vegbank.org:commConcept:33751-{A9E52481-5CED-4B65-8A89-53C8C1787E5D}	NatureServe Biotics 2019	12	This association occurs in the broad elevational transition zone between spruce-fir and northern hardwoods in the Southern Blue Ridge (approx. 1400-1550 m [4600-5100 feet]). Sites are steep to very steep, slopes often associated with cliff faces, rock outcroppings, or bouldery situations, and subject to disturbance by wind, ice, and landslides. The canopy is composed of <i>Picea rubens</i> codominating with deciduous species <i>Betula alleghaniensis, Fagus grandifolia</i>, and <i>Aesculus flava</i>, occurring singly or in combination. At higher elevations, <i>Abies fraseri</i> may be a minor canopy component. The shrub layer is well-developed and dominated by <i>Rhododendron maximum</i> or <i>Rhododendron catawbiense</i>. In the Great Smoky Mountains, <i>Leucothoe fontanesiana</i> can be the dominant shrub. Other minor shrubs include <i>Ilex montana, Viburnum lantanoides, Vaccinium erythrocarpum</i>, and <i>Rubus allegheniensis</i>. The thick, evergreen shrub layer precludes the establishment of seedlings or herbaceous plants and creates a heavy, slowly decomposing litter layer. Bryophyte cover can be high (over 50%), and the ground is covered with downed and decaying logs.
Comm #1404	Pinus taeda / Hudsonia tomentosa Woodland » more details accession code: urn:lsid:vegbank.org:commConcept:34702-{7337E225-D2B5-42EA-A130-72AD3BAE7D4D}	NatureServe Biotics 2019	12	This maritime woodland occurs on large, xeric sand dunes of barrier islands in Delaware, Maryland, and Virginia. Soils in this community are sandy and rapidly drained. It often occurs directly adjacent to actively shifting foredunes and is exposed to salt spray, winds and storms. The community also occurs on unstable sands of protected backdunes. In the denser woodlands, more pine duff accumulates, and herb diversity and cover are generally higher. Where woodlands are more open and trees sparse, growing conditions are harsh, less duff accumulates, and vast areas of exposed white sand are characteristic. Trees are generally characterized by low spreading branches and multiple trunks. A shrub layer is sparse or lacking; herbaceous cover is usually low. <i>Pinus taeda</i> dominates the canopy, but hardwoods such as <i>Quercus falcata, Quercus nigra</i>, and <i>Ilex opaca</i> are frequent but have low stature and cover. Younger, smaller pines make up a sparse subcanopy. Tall shrubs are also sparse, although an occasional <i>Morella cerifera, Pinus taeda</i> sapling, hardwood sapling, or <i>Vaccinium corymbosum</i> can be found. Sparse low shrubs of <i>Hudsonia tomentosa</i> are more common. <i>Smilax glauca, Smilax rotundifolia</i>, and <i>Toxicodendron radicans</i> are typical vines. Herbs are sparse, yet much varied; <i>Schizachyrium littorale</i> is commonly present. The typical pattern of herb distribution is on dry open sand, in direct sunlight. Here, small patches of <i>Dichanthelium ovale, Dichanthelium scoparium, Schizachyrium littorale, Cyperus grayi, Lechea maritima var. virginica, Eupatorium rotundifolium, Erigeron</i> sp., <i>Euthamia caroliniana, Solidago sempervirens, Aristida tuberculosa, Polygonella articulata, Panicum amarum</i>, and <i>Pseudognaphalium obtusifolium</i> are typically mixed with scattered <i>Hudsonia tomentosa</i> and <i>Smilax rotundifolia</i>.
Comm #1405	Quercus rubra - (Quercus montana) / Vaccinium spp. / Deschampsia flexuosa Woodland » more details accession code: urn:lsid:vegbank.org:commConcept:34782-{2D20D57A-FBCE-4EF6-947F-B033335DC59B}	NatureServe Biotics 2019	12	This dry, acidic oak woodland occurs on rocky upper slopes and summits from New England south to the highest peaks in West Virginia. Typical settings are low- to mid-elevation summits and south-facing, upper slopes. Elevations of known occurrences range from near sea level to about 610 m (0-2000 feet) in New England, and to 1370 m (4500 feet) in West Virginia. Soils are shallow, well-drained, acidic, nutrient-poor gravels and coarse sands, often with prominent exposed bedrock. Canopy cover is variable, ranging from open and patchy to closed depending on site conditions. It overtops a dwarf-shrub layer that is frequently extensive and a sparse tall-shrub layer. Herb cover is patchy and variable. Bryoid cover is minor, scattered patches on the rocky substrate. The canopy is dominated by scattered, often stunted <i>Quercus rubra</i> with minor associates depending on geography and often including <i>Quercus velutina, Quercus montana, Betula populifolia, Betula papyrifera, Betula lenta</i>, and <i>Acer rubrum</i> or <i>Quercus coccinea</i> in more coastal regions. <i>Quercus rubra</i> tends to be the only oak at the northern end of the range. <i>Pinus strobus, Pinus rigida</i>, or other conifers may be present, but only in minor amounts. The dwarf-shrub layer is strongly dominated by heaths, especially <i>Vaccinium angustifolium, Vaccinium pallidum, Vaccinium myrtilloides</i>, and <i>Gaylussacia baccata</i> with <i>Gaylussacia frondosa, Comptonia peregrina</i>, and <i>Kalmia angustifolia</i> also common. Tall shrubs may include <i>Quercus ilicifolia, Hamamelis virginiana, Amelanchier</i> spp., and <i>Prunus pensylvanica</i>. The herbaceous layer is composed of <i>Deschampsia flexuosa, Danthonia spicata, Carex lucorum, Pteridium aquilinum, Comandra umbellata, Melampyrum lineare, Polygala paucifolia, Epigaea repens, Gaultheria procumbens</i>, and <i>Aralia nudicaulis</i>. The bryophyte layer includes <i>Polytrichum commune, Leucobryum glaucum</i>, and others.
Comm #1406	Alnus incana ssp. rugosa - Ilex mucronata / Sphagnum spp. Acidic Peatland » more details accession code: urn:lsid:vegbank.org:commConcept:34806-{E3B8AF6E-D2A9-4287-A29E-12FD36E27A2F}	NatureServe Biotics 2019	12	This alder-dominated community is associated with peatlands across northern New England and adjacent Canada. It is most often found at the landward edge of acidic peat mats (i.e., the lagg), where it receives slightly more enriched waters than those of the adjacent oligotrophic or ombrotrophic peatland. Nitrogen levels are higher than in other peatland communities, presumably as a result of nitrogen fixing by the alders. Occasionally, it occurs in a montane setting (&gt;730 m [2400 feet]) on thin organic soils over coarse cryic soils. Tall shrubs are the dominant physiognomy, with at least 50% cover; trees may be present but are sparse. Herb cover varies from sparse to extensive depending on the shrub cover. The bryophyte layer is well-developed, usually with at least 50% cover. <i>Alnus incana ssp. rugosa</i> is the dominant or characteristic tall shrub; <i>Ilex verticillata</i> or <i>Ilex mucronata</i> are often present and sometimes abundant. Other shrubs include <i>Alnus viridis, Viburnum nudum var. cassinoides, Vaccinium corymbosum</i>, or <i>Spiraea tomentosa</i>. A tree canopy is lacking, but there may be scattered trees of <i>Acer rubrum, Picea mariana, Thuja occidentalis</i>, or <i>Abies balsamea</i>. Dwarf-shrub cover is variable, with <i>Rhododendron canadense</i> and <i>Chamaedaphne calyculata</i> the most typical, and <i>Kalmia angustifolia, Gaylussacia baccata</i>, and <i>Ledum groenlandicum</i> often also present. (<i>Ilex mucronata, Picea mariana, Thuja occidentalis, Abies balsamea</i>, and <i>Ledum groenlandicum</i> drop out at the southern extent of the range.) The most characteristic herbs are <i>Carex trisperma, Calla palustris</i>, and <i>Osmunda cinnamomea</i>; other species include <i>Triadenum virginicum, Carex intumescens, Carex magellanica ssp. irrigua, Doellingeria umbellata, Iris versicolor, Gaultheria hispidula, Lysimachia terrestris, Maianthemum trifolium, Onoclea sensibilis, Sarracenia purpurea, Thalictrum pubescens</i>, and <i>Trientalis borealis</i>. The bryoid layer consists of <i>Sphagnum</i> spp., including <i>Sphagnum recurvum, Sphagnum palustre, Sphagnum fallax</i>, and <i>Sphagnum magellanicum</i>. The combination of <i>Alnus incana</i> dominance with <i>Ilex mucronata</i> and understory plants characteristic of peatlands is diagnostic.
Comm #1407	Chrysosplenium americanum Seepage Meadow » more details accession code: urn:lsid:vegbank.org:commConcept:34840-{A6A68DA3-F45C-4080-A800-F1EA39508619}	NatureServe Biotics 2019	12	This type, which occurs throughout the northeastern United States and possibly adjacent Canada, includes small herbaceous seepage areas with scattered cover of forbs. Herbs are strongly dominant and tend to be relatively diverse, especially where there is greater enrichment. Characteristic species can include <i>Chrysosplenium americanum, Cardamine bulbosa, Circaea alpina, Viola cucullata, Chelone glabra, Glyceria melicaria, Glyceria striata, Cinna arundinacea, Impatiens capensis, Poa paludigena, Carex scabrata, Mimulus ringens, Symplocarpus foetidus, Pilea pumila, Galium triflorum, Saxifraga pensylvanica, Thelypteris noveboracensis, Veratrum viride, Hydrocotyle americana, Onoclea sensibilis, Laportea canadensis, Arisaema triphyllum, Tiarella cordifolia, Carex gynandra, Geum rivale</i>, and the mosses <i>Rhizomnium punctatum, Rhizomnium appalachianum, Brachythecium rivulare, Thuidium delicatulum, Steerecleus serrulatus</i>, and <i>Bryhnia novae-angliae</i>. Typically the community is over-topped by trees and shrubs from the surrounding forest, although large examples will be open.
Comm #1408	Populus (tremuloides, grandidentata) - Betula (populifolia, papyrifera) Ruderal Woodland » more details accession code: urn:lsid:vegbank.org:commConcept:34950-{93852156-32A0-49F9-B35C-A0A86CDBC0EB}	NatureServe Biotics 2019	12	This is a common successional deciduous woodland/forest of the northern Appalachian Mountains, from New England, New York and adjacent Canada across to the northern Great Lakes. Small patches of this type are found on the Coastal Plain but are dominated by one or more of the following: <i>Populus tremuloides, Populus grandidentata</i> or the non-native <i>Populus alba</i>, and <i>Betula populifolia</i>. It occurs in various settings, often over thin glacial till. Elevation and aspect vary. The community is broadly defined and includes vegetation developing after severe disturbance such as logging, fires, severe hurricanes, or simply heavily fragmented residential development. This community can occur as closed-canopy forest or open woodland; in a few very exposed areas, it has been seen to grade to shrubland. Understory shrub cover varies from sparse to well-developed depending primarily on canopy closure. Herbs are typically sparse but may be locally dense. Bryoids are typically minor. The tree canopy is a heterogeneous mixture of light-requiring, wind-dispersed trees usually composed of several codominant species, including <i>Populus tremuloides, Populus grandidentata, Betula papyrifera, Betula populifolia, Populus balsamifera, Acer rubrum, Prunus serotina</i>, and/or <i>Prunus pensylvanica</i>. More minor components can include <i>Pinus strobus, Picea rubens, Abies balsamea, Acer saccharum, Quercus rubra, Fraxinus americana, Fraxinus pennsylvanica</i>, or <i>Ulmus americana</i> in the northern portions of the range. Scattered individuals of <i>Juniperus virginiana</i> may occur in southern examples of this community. The shrub layer can include <i>Viburnum dentatum, Lonicera morrowii, Frangula alnus, Rhus typhina, Rhus copallinum, Morella pensylvanica, Rubus</i> spp., and/or <i>Viburnum dentatum</i>, in the southern portion of the range, or <i>Sorbus americana, Acer pensylvanicum, Viburnum nudum var. cassinoides</i>, or <i>Hamamelis virginiana</i>. <i>Vaccinium angustifolium, Kalmia angustifolia, Gaylussacia baccata</i>, and <i>Comptonia peregrina</i> may form a dwarf-shrub layer in the northern portion of the range. Associated herbs to the north typically include <i>Pteridium aquilinum, Deschampsia flexuosa, Festuca ovina, Cornus canadensis, Doellingeria umbellata, Eurybia macrophylla, Danthonia spicata, Carex lucorum</i> and related species, and <i>Maianthemum canadense</i>. Typical bryoids include <i>Polytrichum commune, Polytrichum juniperinum, Dicranum</i> spp., and <i>Cladonia</i> spp. Herbs in southern examples of this community are typically old-field grasses and <i>Solidago</i> spp. In the absence of major disturbance, these forests mostly succeed to northern hardwood, spruce-fir, mixed northern hardwood-spruce-fir, or red oak - northern hardwood forests in the northern portion of the range.
Comm #1409	Picea rubens - Abies balsamea - Betula spp. - Acer rubrum Forest » more details accession code: urn:lsid:vegbank.org:commConcept:35136-{1998B3D0-43F1-459C-87B7-0A09FDF75199}	NatureServe Biotics 2019	12	This association is a mixed forest of northern New England and New York in which the typical spruce and fir are mixed with earlier successional species. This forest occurs at various landscape positions and aspects but in general is more common on gentle to moderate slopes and low flats. Soils are loamy to sandy till and, in general, are deeper than those of pure spruce-fir forests. The canopy is more-or-less closed, and the cover of the lower layers is variable, but rarely extensive. The boreal conifers <i>Picea rubens</i> and/or <i>Abies balsamea</i> form a mixed canopy with <i>Acer rubrum</i> and other trees such as <i>Populus tremuloides, Populus grandidentata, Betula papyrifera, Thuja occidentalis</i>, or <i>Pinus strobus</i>. Less common associates include <i>Quercus rubra, Acer saccharum, Betula alleghaniensis, Picea glauca</i>, or <i>Prunus serotina</i>. The subcanopy and shrub layers are composed of <i>Picea rubens, Abies balsamea</i>, and <i>Acer pensylvanicum</i>. Dwarf-shrubs are usually absent or sparse; <i>Vaccinium angustifolium</i> or <i>Vaccinium myrtilloides</i> are typical species. The herbaceous layer is dominated by tree seedlings with herbs including <i>Pteridium aquilinum, Trientalis borealis, Cornus canadensis</i>, and <i>Maianthemum canadense</i>. In wetter spots, <i>Osmunda cinnamomea</i> and <i>Symplocarpus foetidus</i> (the latter usually only at near-coastal sites) may also be present. The bryophyte layer includes <i>Bazzania trilobata, Dicranum polysetum, Leucobryum glaucum, Hypnum imponens, Pleurozium schreberi</i>, and <i>Sphagnum girgensohnii</i>. This association has a mixed canopy, in contrast to the ecologically similar ~<i>Picea rubens - Abies balsamea - Betula papyrifera</i> Forest (CEGL006273)$$. It can have relatively deeper soils than ~<i>Betula alleghaniensis - Picea rubens / Dryopteris campyloptera</i> Forest (CEGL006267)$$, and usually lacks any appreciable amount of yellow birch.
Comm #1410	Pinus virginiana - (Pinus rigida) - Nyssa sylvatica / Xanthorhiza simplicissima / Euphorbia corollata Forest » more details accession code: urn:lsid:vegbank.org:commConcept:35242-{E1AED87A-114D-4A0D-AD39-9453D440CFE1}	NatureServe Biotics 2019	12	This association occurs in narrow bands along high-energy floodplain gorges of a few rivers in West Virginia. Sites are located at constrictions associated with rapids and bends in the river. Solar exposure is relatively high for the gorge setting; most known sites occur in positions with southerly exposures. Substrates include bedrock, boulder, cobble, and sand. Soils are acidic, well-drained sand to sandy loam. Vegetation is a mixed evergreen-deciduous forest or woodland dominated by <i>Pinus virginiana</i> and/or <i>Pinus rigida</i>, with associated species forming an unusual mix of xerophytic and flood-tolerant species. The canopy varies from tall to somewhat stunted, with 30 to 70% cover. Canopy trees, in addition to the dominant pines, include <i>Acer rubrum, Nyssa sylvatica, Liriodendron tulipifera, Quercus prinus, Quercus alba</i>, and <i>Platanus occidentalis</i>. Other trees that are common in the subcanopy include <i>Tsuga canadensis, Ilex opaca var. opaca, Oxydendrum arboreum, Chionanthus virginicus, Carpinus caroliniana ssp. virginiana</i>, and <i>Betula nigra</i>. Shrub species include <i>Hamamelis virginiana, Rhododendron maximum, Kalmia latifolia, Lindera benzoin, Physocarpus opulifolius var. opulifolius</i>, and <i>Xanthorhiza simplicissima</i>. There is often regeneration of <i>Pinus virginiana</i> in the shrub layers. The herb layer is usually diverse, in sharp contrast to xeric upland associations dominated by <i>Pinus virginiana</i> or <i>Pinus rigida</i>. Common herbs in plots include <i>Rudbeckia laciniata, Potentilla canadensis, Pedicularis canadensis, Packera aurea, Lysimachia quadrifolia, Zizia aptera, Viola pedata, Solidago simplex var. racemosa, Packera paupercula, Hypoxis hirsuta, Euphorbia corollata, Deschampsia flexuosa, Schizachyrium scoparium, Andropogon gerardii</i>, and <i>Sorghastrum nutans</i>.