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Comm #1491
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Magnolia virginiana - Persea palustris / Lyonia lucida Swamp Forest
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accession code: urn:lsid:vegbank.org:commConcept:35366-{353D6651-0F44-4024-99FD-5FCE5154CE18}
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NatureServe Biotics 2019 |
11
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This saturated forest of the Outer Coastal Plain of the southeastern United States has a low diversity of vascular plants. Sites include stream-associated flats, stringers and isolated peaty wetlands. The canopy is dominated by <i>Magnolia virginiana</i> and <i>Persea palustris</i>, sometimes one or the other, and rarely also <i>Gordonia lasianthus</i>. Additional possible components of the canopy are <i>Nyssa biflora, Taxodium ascendens, Ilex cassine, Acer rubrum</i>, and <i>Cliftonia monophylla</i>. Sometimes there is a very sparse emergent component of <i>Pinus elliottii</i> or <i>Pinus serotina</i>. The shrub layer may be dominated by <i>Lyonia lucida</i> and can also include <i>Ilex coriacea, Ilex opaca, Ilex cassine, Morella cerifera, Clethra alnifolia, Serenoa repens</i>, and others. Vines are mainly <i>Smilax laurifolia</i> but also include <i>Vitis rotundifolia</i> and <i>Toxicodendron radicans</i>. Herbaceous flora is sparse to absent but can include <i>Osmunda cinnamomea, Woodwardia areolata</i>, and <i>Woodwardia virginica</i>. The epiphyte <i>Tillandsia usneoides</i> may be present. Scattered <i>Sphagnum</i> patches occur. This community sometimes occurs in association with <i>Cliftonia monophylla</i> forests, in which case it occurs in slightly drier (though still saturated) situations. In northeastern Florida, at the Timucuan Ecological and Historic Preserve (including Fort Caroline National Memorial), dead and dying <i>Persea palustris</i> indicate that these sweetbay forests are being affected by laurel wilt, which is caused by a vascular wilt fungus that is transmitted to species in the Lauraceae family via the non-native redbay ambrosia beetle (<i>Xyleborus glabratus</i>). |
Comm #1492
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Fagus grandifolia - Quercus alba - Liquidambar styraciflua / Magnolia grandiflora / Smilax pumila Forest
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accession code: urn:lsid:vegbank.org:commConcept:35481-{ED2647A3-EFE9-46A8-991C-1C58DCA1D83A}
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NatureServe Biotics 2019 |
11
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This association includes mesic mixed hardwood forests of the Gulf Coastal Plain east of the Mississippi River. Within this region, examples are found within the range of <i>Magnolia grandiflora</i>, and stands typically include a diagnostic component of this species. Stands of this association contain a canopy dominated by <i>Fagus grandifolia</i> and <i>Quercus alba</i>, with <i>Nyssa sylvatica, Liquidambar styraciflua</i>, and <i>Quercus hemisphaerica</i> (more prevalent on upper slopes). The more-or-less open subcanopy contains <i>Magnolia grandiflora, Magnolia macrophylla, Ostrya virginiana, Liriodendron tulipifera, Acer rubrum</i>, and <i>Cornus florida</i>. Shrubs and woody vines are relatively sparse; shrubs include <i>Aesculus pavia, Arundinaria gigantea, Hamamelis virginiana, Vaccinium elliottii, Ilex decidua, Symplocos tinctoria, Asimina parviflora</i>, and <i>Hypericum hypericoides</i>. Woody vines include <i>Vitis rotundifolia, Gelsemium sempervirens</i>, and <i>Toxicodendron radicans</i>. The herbaceous stratum includes <i>Smilax pumila, Polystichum acrostichoides, Mitchella repens, Arisaema triphyllum, Aristolochia serpentaria, Hexastylis arifolia var. callifolia</i>?, <i>Euphorbia corollata, Scutellaria elliptica, Dichanthelium boscii, Chasmanthium sessiliflorum, Carex</i> spp., <i>Dioscorea villosa</i>, and the epiphyte <i>Pleopeltis polypodioides</i>. |
Comm #1493
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Liquidambar styraciflua Ruderal Forest
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accession code: urn:lsid:vegbank.org:commConcept:35487-{24AA068C-30F5-440D-88F6-D5C946EE9A4C}
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NatureServe Biotics 2019 |
11
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This early-successional upland forest of the southeastern U.S. occurs on a variety of environmental settings, resulting from succession following human activities such as logging and clearing or agriculture. Stands are dominated by <i>Liquidambar styraciflua</i>, sometimes to the exclusion of other species. <i>Pinus taeda</i> is a common associate. Other associated species are highly variable and depend on location and stand history. |
Comm #1494
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Liquidambar styraciflua - Liriodendron tulipifera / Onoclea sensibilis Floodplain Forest
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accession code: urn:lsid:vegbank.org:commConcept:35579-{C94C62C1-1B8A-4D23-89CF-C3D7303805EA}
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NatureServe Biotics 2019 |
11
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This floodplain forest is found along brownwater rivers in the Atlantic Coastal Plain and adjacent areas of the Piedmont. In addition to <i>Liquidambar styraciflua</i> and <i>Liriodendron tulipifera</i>, the canopy may contain <i>Nyssa biflora</i> (which is a characteristic species of this type in the Coastal Plain) and <i>Acer rubrum</i>. Some stands may contain <i>Betula nigra</i>. The subcanopy is well-developed and contains canopy species along with <i>Carpinus caroliniana, Ilex opaca var. opaca, Persea palustris, Acer floridanum, Cornus florida, Diospyros virginiana, Frangula caroliniana, Quercus phellos, Quercus nigra</i>, and <i>Viburnum nudum var. nudum</i>. Some examples may contain <i>Pinus taeda</i>. Shrubs and vines may include <i>Arundinaria gigantea, Decumaria barbara, Itea virginica, Leucothoe axillaris, Smilax laurifolia, Toxicodendron radicans, Campsis radicans, Parthenocissus quinquefolia</i>, and <i>Vitis rotundifolia</i>. Herbs may include <i>Boehmeria cylindrica, Mitchella repens, Carex</i> spp., <i>Polystichum acrostichoides, Onoclea sensibilis</i> and <i>Woodwardia areolata</i>. In the Piedmont, stands of this association may consist of linear zones along small streams. |
Comm #1495
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Fagus grandifolia - Magnolia grandiflora / Ilex opaca - (Persea borbonia) / Mitchella repens Forest
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accession code: urn:lsid:vegbank.org:commConcept:35680-{5C9E8A85-B9ED-41D9-B42F-13DBD99F2838}
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NatureServe Biotics 2019 |
11
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This forest occurs in ravines, protected coves, and sometimes on broad upland flats protected from fire in the Atlantic Coastal Plain. These are upland sites which are not subject to flooding, or sometimes in temporarily flooded situations. Intact examples are closed canopy consisting of <i>Fagus grandifolia, Magnolia grandiflora, Pinus glabra, Quercus alba, Quercus hemisphaerica</i>, and <i>Carya glabra</i>. The subcanopy includes <i>Ilex opaca, Osmanthus americanus var. americanus, Cornus florida</i>, and <i>Persea borbonia</i>. The shrub stratum includes <i>Arundinaria tecta, Callicarpa americana, Euonymus americanus, Hamamelis virginiana, Parthenocissus quinquefolia, Symplocos tinctoria, Vaccinium elliottii</i>, and <i>Vaccinium virgatum</i>. The herb stratum is very open, and may contain <i>Mitchella repens, Hexastylis arifolia var. arifolia, Polystichum acrostichoides</i>, and <i>Scleria triglomerata</i>. The vascular epiphytes <i>Pleopeltis polypodioides ssp. michauxiana</i> and <i>Tillandsia usneoides</i> are often common. This association is distinguished from those of the Gulf Coastal Plain by the absence of many species variously occurring in Gulf Coastal Plain associations. |
Comm #1496
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Quercus montana - Juniperus virginiana - (Pinus virginiana) / Philadelphus hirsutus - Celtis occidentalis Woodland
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accession code: urn:lsid:vegbank.org:commConcept:35909-{9B93D569-8D13-44DB-8D06-EFF7F3D2B7E2}
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NatureServe Biotics 2019 |
11
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These mixed or deciduous, edaphically-maintained woodlands are known from the Southern Blue Ridge of North Carolina, Tennessee, and Virginia, possibly ranging into the adjacent Ridge and Valley and Cumberland Mountains. They occur as small-patch openings on steep slopes, below 915 m (3000 feet) elevation, over outcrops of moderately calcareous shales, siltstones and sandstones. Habitats are extremely steep and rocky, with some parts mantled by thin soil over bedrock, and other parts covered by loose gravel-sized shale fragments. Trees are sparse and stunted, generally 2-10 m tall. Primary species include <i>Quercus montana, Juniperus virginiana var. virginiana, Pinus virginiana</i>, and <i>Acer rubrum</i>. Some stands have <i>Carya glabra, Carya ovata, Carya carolinae-septentrionalis, Fraxinus americana, Quercus rubra, Ulmus alata</i>, and <i>Acer saccharum</i> as important canopy associates. Shrubs include <i>Philadelphus hirsutus, Ostrya virginiana, Cercis canadensis var. canadensis, Celtis occidentalis, Celtis tenuifolia, Acer leucoderme, Cornus florida, Staphylea trifolia, Chionanthus virginicus, Ulmus rubra, Ptelea trifoliata, Symphoricarpos orbiculatus</i>, and <i>Rhus copallinum var. latifolia</i>. <i>Toxicodendron radicans ssp. radicans</i> and <i>Parthenocissus quinquefolia</i> are common scrambling vines. Herbs include <i>Sedum ternatum, Solidago</i> spp., <i>Danthonia sericea, Danthonia spicata, Andropogon virginicus, Carex pensylvanica, Paronychia argyrocoma, Selaginella rupestris, Houstonia longifolia, Amsonia tabernaemontana, Dichanthelium boscii, Muhlenbergia tenuifolia, Packera obovata, Asclepias quadrifolia, Erigeron pulchellus, Polygala paucifolia, Arabis laevigata, Campanula divaricata</i>, and <i>Aristolochia serpentaria</i>. Some openings are very grassy and include species such as <i>Sorghastrum nutans, Andropogon gerardii, Muhlenbergia capillaris, Panicum</i> sp., <i>Coreopsis major, Baptisia tinctoria, Lechea racemulosa, Liatris</i> sp., and <i>Penstemon</i> sp. Additional herbs from stands assigned here from the Ocoee River Gorge (Tennessee) include <i>Chasmanthium latifolium, Solidago sphacelata, Carex purpurifera</i>, and <i>Symphyotrichum oblongifolium</i> (these dominant to frequent), as well as <i>Asplenium platyneuron, Carex laxiflora, Carex pensylvanica, Cheilanthes lanosa, Dichanthelium</i> sp., <i>Euphorbia corollata, Geum</i> sp., <i>Heuchera</i> sp., <i>Oxalis grandis, Rudbeckia triloba, Sedum nevii, Senna marilandica, Tradescantia</i> sp., <i>Verbesina occidentalis</i>, and <i>Verbesina virginica</i>. |
Comm #1497
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Liquidambar styraciflua - Quercus nigra - Pinus taeda / Vaccinium elliottii - Morella cerifera Ruderal Forest
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accession code: urn:lsid:vegbank.org:commConcept:35914-{7715DF86-11B5-408F-B851-5174F7A12060}
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NatureServe Biotics 2019 |
11
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This Southeastern Coastal Plain forest contains a mixture of upland and lowland species that typically occur together in uplands following cessation of agriculture. It is primarily dominated by hardwood trees, particularly <i>Quercus</i> spp. and <i>Liquidambar styraciflua</i>. This community type occurs in two phases: one with an emergent canopy of large <i>Pinus taeda</i> trees, and the other without the emergent canopy. Coverage by <i>Pinus taeda</i> in the <i>Pinus taeda</i> phase ranges from 10 to greater than 60%. The closed canopy is codominated by <i>Liquidambar styraciflua</i> with <i>Quercus</i> spp., especially <i>Quercus nigra</i> and <i>Quercus phellos</i>, or possibly <i>Quercus pagoda</i>. <i>Nyssa sylvatica</i> is also typical in the canopy or subcanopy, along with <i>Liriodendron tulipifera</i> in some cases. The moderately well-developed subcanopy is dominated by canopy species with <i>Ilex longipes, Sassafras albidum, Acer rubrum, Cornus florida, Prunus serotina, Vaccinium arboreum, Carpinus caroliniana</i>, and others. The shrub stratum is often sparse, and is primarily composed of canopy and subcanopy species. Occasionally a rather dense cover of <i>Morella cerifera</i> may be present. Other species that may occur include <i>Euonymus americanus, Rubus</i> sp., <i>Callicarpa americana, Vaccinium elliottii, Gaylussacia frondosa</i>, and <i>Gaylussacia dumosa</i>. The vine/liana stratum is sparse to moderate, and species present include <i>Bignonia capreolata, Vitis rotundifolia, Smilax bona-nox, Smilax rotundifolia, Wisteria frutescens, Gelsemium sempervirens, Toxicodendron radicans, Nekemias arborea</i>, and others. The herbaceous layer ranges from moderate to fairly dense. Typical species include <i>Chasmanthium sessiliflorum, Scleria triglomerata, Carex abscondita, Dichanthelium boscii, Mitchella repens, Juncus coriaceus, Chimaphila maculata, Asplenium platyneuron, Malaxis unifolia</i>, and others. The exotic <i>Lonicera japonica</i> is common in occurrences of this community. This forest type is documented in the Mid-Atlantic Coastal Plain, but is possible in adjacent regions; global distribution needs assessment. |
Comm #1498
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Quercus michauxii / Carpinus caroliniana - Ilex opaca / Eubotrys racemosa Floodplain Forest
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accession code: urn:lsid:vegbank.org:commConcept:35925-{66AA4344-EAB1-4349-B2AA-B45F043AF910}
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NatureServe Biotics 2019 |
11
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This forest community occurs on the edges of brownwater floodplains in the Atlantic Coastal Plain, in situations that are very rarely flooded by alluvial waters, but which receive regular seepage from adjacent upland slopes. The hydrology is constantly saturated, and soils are silty clay with organic matter present. This association has a closed canopy and moderate to sparse subcanopy, shrub, herbaceous, and vine/liana strata. The canopy is dominated by <i>Quercus michauxii</i>. <i>Pinus taeda</i> and <i>Liquidambar styraciflua</i> are typical in the canopy. The subcanopy is dominated by <i>Carpinus caroliniana</i>. Other species that may occur in the canopy or subcanopy include <i>Nyssa sylvatica, Magnolia virginiana, Persea palustris, Quercus pagoda, Acer rubrum, Quercus laurifolia, Quercus nigra, Ulmus alata, Liriodendron tulipifera, Carya tomentosa, Cornus foemina, Ilex decidua, Ilex opaca, Quercus phellos, Carya cordiformis</i>, and others. <i>Eubotrys racemosa</i> is the dominant and characteristic shrub species; other shrubs present can include <i>Ilex verticillata, Callicarpa americana, Viburnum dentatum, Rhododendron canescens</i>, and others. The herbaceous layer is sparse and is weakly dominated by <i>Chasmanthium sessiliflorum</i>. Other species that are typical include <i>Carex bromoides, Osmunda cinnamomea, Pluchea camphorata, Carex scoparia</i>, and <i>Mitchella repens</i>. This forest type is documented in the Mid-Atlantic Coastal Plain, but is possible in adjacent regions; global distribution needs assessment. |
Comm #1499
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Rhododendron carolinianum - Rhododendron catawbiense - Leiophyllum buxifolium Shrubland
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accession code: urn:lsid:vegbank.org:commConcept:36060-{F349963A-D593-49C7-AC20-288A80EAFD0E}
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NatureServe Biotics 2019 |
11
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This high-elevation shrubland occurs in the Great Smoky Mountains of eastern Tennessee, on steep ridges, rock outcroppings, and landslides at elevations over 1676 m (5500 feet), in the Spruce-Fir zone. It has 25-100% shrub cover and may occur as a dense shrubland, 2-4 m tall, or as a shorter, more open shrubland with areas of exposed rock, scattered mats of prostrate vegetation, and isolated clumps of herbaceous species. The most common shrubs are <i>Rhododendron carolinianum, Rhododendron catawbiense</i>, and <i>Leiophyllum buxifolium</i>, locally dominant in patches and forming a mosaic. Shrubs are less than 1 m tall on the steepest, rockiest, most exposed sites, and taller on gentle, more protected sites with greater soil development. Other associated shrubs with minor coverage may include <i>Abies fraseri, Aronia arbutifolia, Aronia melanocarpa, Diervilla sessilifolia, Ilex montana, Menziesia pilosa, Pieris floribunda, Prunus pensylvanica, Vaccinium corymbosum, Vaccinium erythrocarpum</i>, and <i>Viburnum nudum var. cassinoides</i>. Under tall, dense shrubs there is little herb cover, but in more open shrublands, on steep cliffs with seepage, herbaceous species may grow in dense patches on ledges and crevices. Herbaceous species such as <i>Calamagrostis cainii, Carex misera, Geum radiatum, Saxifraga michauxii, Solidago glomerata</i>, and <i>Trichophorum cespitosum</i> are associated with this community on the summits of Mount LeConte. Thick hummocks of lichens and mosses can occur on flatter sites, and scattered wind-sheared trees of <i>Picea rubens</i> or <i>Abies fraseri</i> are possible in some examples. High solar irradiation and desiccating winds, in combination with the shallow, nutrient-poor soils, are key environmental factors influencing this community. Locally, vegetation is influenced by seepage areas on steep cliffs and ledges. It is known from areas of exposed slate on the steep ridges of Mount LeConte. |
Comm #1500
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Pinus virginiana - Quercus stellata / Amelanchier stolonifera / Danthonia spicata / Leucobryum glaucum Woodland
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accession code: urn:lsid:vegbank.org:commConcept:36513-{4F58607A-6991-4BA0-ADAF-C670C8EE0F2B}
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NatureServe Biotics 2019 |
11
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This community occupies exposed, xeric outcrops along high-gradient stretches of the New River in West Virginia and the Potomac River in Maryland and northern Virginia. It has an open to nearly closed canopy dominated by a mixture of evergreen conifer and deciduous tree species over a diverse understory of shrubs and herbs often with heavy ground cover by mosses and lichens. In West Virginia stands, the open canopy is dominated by about equal amounts of <i>Juniperus virginiana var. virginiana</i> and <i>Pinus virginiana</i>. Associated deciduous tree species include <i>Quercus stellata, Fraxinus americana, Celtis occidentalis, Ulmus americana</i>, and <i>Cercis canadensis</i>. The dense shrub layer includes <i>Amelanchier stolonifera, Rhus copallinum, Rosa carolina</i>, and <i>Viburnum prunifolium</i>. Vines include <i>Toxicodendron radicans, Parthenocissus quinquefolia</i>, and <i>Vitis aestivalis</i>. The exotics <i>Ligustrum vulgare, Rubus phoenicolasius, Lonicera japonica</i>, and <i>Rosa multiflora</i> may also be present. The herbaceous layer has high representation of grasses; species include <i>Andropogon virginicus, Danthonia spicata, Leersia virginica, Melica mutica</i>, and <i>Piptochaetium avenaceum</i>. The fern ally <i>Selaginella rupestris</i> may also contribute significant ground cover. Cover by mosses and lichens is variable and may approach 90%. The Potomac Gorge stands are woodlands or open forests of stunted trees (usually 7 m tall or less). The overstory may be strongly dominated by <i>Pinus virginiana</i> or by a mix of <i>Pinus virginiana, Carya glabra, Quercus montana, Quercus rubra</i>, and <i>Quercus stellata</i>. <i>Fraxinus americana</i> and <i>Juniperus virginiana var. virginiana</i> are minor, but constant, associates and are most often limited to the subcanopy, where <i>Juniperus virginiana var. virginiana</i> is often abundant. A sparse tall-shrub layer is present, with <i>Chionanthus virginicus, Viburnum prunifolium, Amelanchier arborea</i>, and <i>Rhus copallinum</i> most frequent. A short-shrub layer is often present and dominated by <i>Vaccinium pallidum</i>; <i>Hypericum prolificum, Rosa carolina</i>, and <i>Amelanchier stolonifera</i> are less frequent. The herbaceous layer is somewhat sparse to moderately dense, with <i>Danthonia spicata</i> the most abundant species, and <i>Carex umbellata, Carex tonsa var. tonsa, Carex nigromarginata, Helianthus divaricatus, Comandra umbellata, Solidago ulmifolia, Eupatorium hyssopifolium var. laciniatum, Potentilla canadensis, Silene caroliniana, Stylosanthes biflora, Symphyotrichum patens, Dichanthelium laxiflorum, Dichanthelium depauperatum, Dichanthelium commutatum, Dichanthelium sphaerocarpon, Dichanthelium villosissimum, Houstonia caerulea</i>, and <i>Houstonia longifolia</i> often present. Vines are occasional; <i>Smilax glauca</i> and <i>Vitis aestivalis</i> are the most frequent species. |
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