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Comm #1571
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Nyssa biflora - Acer rubrum var. trilobum - Liriodendron tulipifera / Ilex coriacea - Lyonia lucida Swamp Forest
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accession code: urn:lsid:vegbank.org:commConcept:33428-{E2C7E1F7-A345-4605-BF5D-2FF0F1DB0E2D}
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NatureServe Biotics 2019 |
10
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This community occurs in the South Atlantic Coastal Plain, on steeply to gently sloping seepage areas on sandhill side slopes, and in headwater seepages. <i>Nyssa biflora, Acer rubrum var. trilobum</i>, and <i>Liriodendron tulipifera</i> typically dominate the canopy. <i>Gordonia lasianthus, Magnolia virginiana, Oxydendrum arboreum, Quercus nigra, Pinus elliottii var. elliottii</i>, and <i>Pinus taeda</i> can also occur. Subcanopy trees include <i>Oxydendrum arboreum, Persea palustris, Ilex opaca, Magnolia virginiana, Magnolia grandiflora</i>, and <i>Gordonia lasianthus</i>. The shrub layer is usually dense and evergreen, and is typically dominated by <i>Ilex coriacea</i> and <i>Lyonia lucida</i>. Herb diversity is low, but this stratum may include <i>Carex atlantica, Carex intumescens, Chasmanthium laxum, Mayaca fluviatilis, Mitchella repens, Osmunda cinnamomea, Osmunda regalis var. spectabilis, Platanthera</i> spp., <i>Woodwardia areolata</i>, and <i>Sphagnum</i> spp. This association is known from the Fall-line Sandhills region and the Outer Coastal Plain of Georgia and South Carolina. |
Comm #1572
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Acer rubrum var. trilobum / Morella caroliniensis - Gaylussacia frondosa / Andropogon glomeratus - (Sarracenia flava) Seep Woodland
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accession code: urn:lsid:vegbank.org:commConcept:33558-{F6BAD09F-342D-4DBE-86B7-C8A830C41E1E}
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NatureServe Biotics 2019 |
10
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These seasonally saturated, open-canopied, acidic seeps are found in the Uwharrie Mountains portion of the Piedmont of North Carolina, where they are part of a hillside seepage bog complex. The vegetation is patchy with areas of open canopy and areas with no canopy. Shrubs may be sparse to dense. Canopy species include <i>Acer rubrum var. trilobum, Liquidambar styraciflua, Nyssa sylvatica, Oxydendrum arboreum, Liriodendron tulipifera, Nyssa biflora, Pinus palustris</i>, and <i>Pinus taeda</i>. <i>Morella caroliniensis, Gaylussacia frondosa, Vaccinium formosum, Viburnum rufidulum, Alnus serrulata</i>, and <i>Aronia arbutifolia</i> occur in the shrub layers. The herb layer may contain <i>Andropogon glomeratus, Calamovilfa brevipilis, Symphyotrichum dumosum var. dumosum, Danthonia spicata, Eupatorium leucolepis var. leucolepis, Eupatorium rotundifolium, Hypericum setosum, Osmunda cinnamomea var. cinnamomea, Panicum virgatum, Pogonia ophioglossoides, Polygala lutea, Sarracenia flava, Sarracenia purpurea var. venosa, Sarracenia x catesbaei, Scleria triglomerata, Smilax laurifolia, Solidago stricta, Sphagnum</i> spp., and <i>Xyris ambigua</i> among other species. |
Comm #1573
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Acer rubrum - Nyssa sylvatica - Betula alleghaniensis / Sphagnum spp. Swamp Forest
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accession code: urn:lsid:vegbank.org:commConcept:34665-{23B647CA-383F-4D80-9113-FDB11E336F9D}
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NatureServe Biotics 2019 |
10
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This blackgum basin swamp of the northeastern United States is found from the Central Appalachians north to central New England, at the northern range limit for <i>Nyssa sylvatica</i>. It occupies saturated or seasonally wet basins, often in perched basins in small watersheds within upland forests. It also occurs on hillsides and seepage areas. In most settings, the mineral soil is overlain with a shallow to deep peat layer. Conditions are highly acidic and nutrient-poor. The tree canopy varies from an open woodland to nearly complete. Shrubs are well-represented and may be locally dense. Herbs are likewise patchy, and the herb layer is usually dominated by only a few species. The bryoid layer varies but is often extensive. Hummock-and-hollow microtopography is often pronounced, with bryophytes common on the hummocks and in those hollows where water does not stand for long periods. The canopy is dominated by <i>Acer rubrum</i> and <i>Nyssa sylvatica</i>; however, even where red maple is more abundant, the longevity and stature of the blackgum trees give them a strong impact. <i>Betula alleghaniensis, Tsuga canadensis, Pinus strobus</i>, and occasionally <i>Picea rubens</i> or <i>Picea mariana</i> may be minor canopy associates. The most abundant shrubs are <i>Ilex verticillata</i> and <i>Vaccinium corymbosum</i>; associated shrub species include <i>Viburnum nudum var. cassinoides, Nemopanthus mucronatus, Kalmia angustifolia, Gaylussacia baccata, Chamaedaphne calyculata, Lyonia ligustrina, Spiraea alba var. latifolia</i>, and <i>Cephalanthus occidentalis</i>. <i>Osmunda cinnamomea</i> is the characteristic dominant in the herb layer, with associates including <i>Osmunda regalis, Thelypteris palustris, Woodwardia virginica, Glyceria canadensis, Coptis trifolia, Carex atlantica, Carex trisperma, Carex folliculata, Carex intumescens, Calla palustris, Triadenum virginicum</i>, and <i>Symplocarpus foetidus</i>. Mosses are primarily <i>Sphagnum</i> spp., including <i>Sphagnum palustre</i> and <i>Sphagnum magellanicum</i>. These swamps are distinguished from other basin swamps in the Northern Appalachians by the presence of <i>Nyssa sylvatica</i>. They are distinguished from blackgum swamps further south by the absence of more Central Appalachian species such as <i>Liquidambar styraciflua, Rhododendron maximum, Rhododendron viscosum</i>, and <i>Magnolia virginiana</i>. |
Comm #1574
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Chamaedaphne calyculata / Carex striata Acidic Peatland
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accession code: urn:lsid:vegbank.org:commConcept:34855-{D82100EA-00C9-4B20-B15E-4C36F88691D3}
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NatureServe Biotics 2019 |
10
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This community comprises Pine Barrens bogs or "spungs." These bogs are associated with seasonally flooded sites, often covering entire shallow, circular depressions and swales, or occur along margins of intermittent ponds and streamsides. Dense <i>Chamaedaphne calyculata</i> interspersed with <i>Decodon verticillatus, Vaccinium macrocarpon</i>, and <i>Gaylussacia dumosa</i> occur over a continuous carpet of <i>Sphagnum</i> spp. <i>Carex striata</i> is interspersed within the dwarf-shrubs or forms significant cover in wetter openings. <i>Woodwardia areolata, Dulichium arundinaceum, Juncus canadensis, Hypericum densiflorum, Lysimachia terrestris, Eleocharis tuberculosa, Triadenum virginicum</i>, and <i>Eriophorum virginicum</i> are common herbs. Associated herbs of wetter openings include <i>Nuphar lutea, Nymphaea odorata, Utricularia</i> spp., <i>Rhynchospora</i> spp., and <i>Drosera intermedia</i> and <i>Drosera rotundifolia</i>. |
Comm #1575
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Panicum virgatum - Andropogon gerardii Gravel Riverscour Wet Meadow
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accession code: urn:lsid:vegbank.org:commConcept:35115-{483081E6-F150-4969-A7AA-42428CCCB6E5}
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NatureServe Biotics 2019 |
10
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This association is known from several rivers and their major river tributaries (e.g., Potomac, James, Shenandoah, Monongahela, and Cheat rivers) in Maryland, Virginia, and West Virginia. It occurs primarily in the upper river sections on cobbly and gravelly depositional bars, primarily in river reaches that are underlain by shale bedrock. The substrate is sand, gravel, and cobble, with patches of gravelly sand or sandy loam soils. Flooding appears to occur several times a year, and stands may be inundated for long periods during the dormant season and occasionally during the growing season, but are generally somewhat well-drained and seasonally dry. Hydrologic regime is best characterized as temporarily flooded. This association occurs in small patches, with some stands exceeding 500 m2 in area. The vegetation is strongly dominated by <i>Panicum virgatum</i> and <i>Andropogon gerardii</i> with relatively low species richness (Virginia samples: 38 taxa/plot in five 100-m2 and 200-m2 plots). Scattered, stunted, floodplain shrubs or small trees may be present, but the vegetation structure is a grassland. The only completely constant woody associate is <i>Platanus occidentalis</i>. Other shrubs or small trees may include <i>Salix caroliniana, Physocarpus opulifolius</i>, and the exotic <i>Rosa multiflora</i>. Associated herbaceous species are weedy annuals or short-lived perennials that rarely attain as much as 2% cover in a given stand. <i>Dichanthelium clandestinum</i> and <i>Verbesina alternifolia</i> are the most frequent associates (>75%); other common associates include <i>Oxalis stricta, Verbena urticifolia, Cyperus strigosus, Acalypha rhomboidea, Viola sororia, Plantago lanceolata</i>, and the exotics <i>Microstegium vimineum, Ambrosia artemisiifolia, Daucus carota, Centaurea stoebe ssp. micranthos</i>, and <i>Solanum carolinense</i>. |
Comm #1576
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Fraxinus americana / Andropogon gerardii - Sorghastrum nutans - Schizachyrium scoparium - Pycnanthemum tenuifolium Riverscour Wet Meadow
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accession code: urn:lsid:vegbank.org:commConcept:35116-{023C7705-6A0E-4727-B09F-7502BF437DFE}
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NatureServe Biotics 2019 |
10
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This association is known only from scattered sites along the Potomac River in Maryland and Virginia, and possibly the Shenandoah River in Virginia. The type occupies steeply sloping riverside outcrops and eroded bedrock terraces along high-gradient, rocky river reaches where depositional features are very poorly developed. These habitats are exposed to considerable scouring during major floods and are seasonally xeric. Bedrock parent material of sites in the fall-line gorge of the Potomac River includes metagraywacke and schist, with local mafic and ultramafic intrusive bodies. An additional site on the upper Potomac (Allegany County, Maryland) is on shale, and another potential site on the Shenandoah River is located on an exposure of dolomite. This vegetation occupies sites ranging from about 2 to 15 m above mean water level, and the flooding-return interval has been estimated at 2.5 to 7 years. Fifteen to 90% of the substrate consists of exposed bedrock, and soils are sandy loams or loamy sands with relatively high base status. Stands are dominated by warm-season grasses, with moderate to locally dense total herbaceous cover. <i>Andropogon gerardii</i> is the most abundant species, with <i>Sorghastrum nutans, Schizachyrium scoparium</i>, and <i>Panicum virgatum</i> each occurring constantly and achieving codominance in a subset of stands. Other characteristic, but less constant, graminoid associates include <i>Sporobolus clandestinus, Aristida purpurascens, Dichanthelium depauperatum, Dichanthelium dichotomum, Chasmanthium latifolium, Danthonia spicata, Eragrostis spectabilis, Tripsacum dactyloides, Scleria triglomerata</i>, and <i>Muhlenbergia capillaris</i>. The type also contains a number of characteristic xerophytic forbs, the most constant of which are <i>Pycnanthemum tenuifolium, Solidago simplex var. racemosa, Symphyotrichum patens var. patens, Euphorbia corollata, Allium cernuum, Cerastium arvense, Phlox subulata, Coreopsis tripteris, Ionactis linariifolius, Lespedeza virginica, Potentilla canadensis, Veronicastrum virginicum, Lathyrus venosus</i>, and <i>Helianthus divaricatus</i>. Other noteworthy herbs occurring less frequently include <i>Asclepias verticillata, Cheilanthes lanosa, Dichanthelium laxiflorum, Eupatorium hyssopifolium</i> (two vars.), <i>Galactia volubilis, Helianthus occidentalis ssp. occidentalis, Lespedeza capitata, Lespedeza violacea, Liatris spicata var. spicata, Onosmodium virginianum, Paronychia virginica, Physostegia virginiana, Selaginella rupestris, Solidago nemoralis, Stylosanthes biflora</i>, and <i>Tridens flavus</i>. Scattered, stunted, flood-damaged trees and shrubs occasionally achieve 25% aggregate cover in an individual 400-m2 plot. Species richness of this community is typically high to exceptional, averaging 88 taxa per 400 m2 (range 51 to 138 taxa) in 16 plots. |
Comm #1577
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Fagus grandifolia - Carya cordiformis - Quercus michauxii / Ilex opaca / Podophyllum peltatum Forest
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accession code: urn:lsid:vegbank.org:commConcept:35125-{F3A4F0FF-7AE6-421D-8239-AC3B28A59219}
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NatureServe Biotics 2019 |
10
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This association is known only from floodplains of the Mattaponi and Pamunkey rivers in the central Coastal Plain of Virginia. It occurs on high, well-drained floodplain levees and terraces along small to medium-sized rivers. Sites are probably flooded every 2-5 years. Soils are fine sandy loams and loamy sands, with moderately low to moderately high calcium, magnesium, and total base saturation levels. Stands are codominated by variable combinations of <i>Fagus grandifolia</i> (constant), <i>Carya cordiformis</i> (constant), <i>Quercus michauxii</i> (less constant), and <i>Quercus shumardii</i> (least constant). <i>Liquidambar styraciflua, Liriodendron tulipifera, Celtis occidentalis</i>, and <i>Fraxinus pennsylvanica</i> are minor overstory species, especially in disturbed stands. There is little recruitment of any overstory species, and subcanopy layers are dominated by <i>Ilex opaca var. opaca</i>, which occasionally approaches canopy-tree status. The shrub layer varies from sparse to dense, with <i>Asimina triloba, Viburnum prunifolium, Lindera benzoin, Ilex decidua</i>, and <i>Carpinus caroliniana</i> all constant in plot samples. The herb layer varies from patchy to dense and lush, with a number of nutrient-demanding forbs prominent. Herbaceous patch-dominants include <i>Asarum canadense, Cardamine concatenata, Circaea lutetiana ssp. canadensis, Claytonia virginica, Dicentra cucullaria, Erythronium americanum ssp. americanum, Hydrophyllum virginianum, Mertensia virginica, Podophyllum peltatum, Polemonium reptans</i>, and <i>Viola pubescens</i>. The graminoids <i>Carex radiata, Chasmanthium latifolium</i>, and <i>Poa autumnalis</i> may also be locally abundant. |
Comm #1578
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Calamagrostis canadensis - Scirpus spp. - Dulichium arundinaceum Wet Meadow
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accession code: urn:lsid:vegbank.org:commConcept:35149-{9A0F2972-56B9-40C1-910F-2947B28F53BA}
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NatureServe Biotics 2019 |
10
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These are seasonally flooded, mixed-composition wetland meadows of the northeastern United States. They occur on flats, floodplains of small streams, beaver meadows, and lakeshores. The substrate is muck or well-decomposed peat overlying mineral soil, usually slightly acidic (pH 5.0-6.0). After spring flooding, many sites will dry to exposed soil during the summer; others remain well saturated. The vegetation is dominated by robust graminoids or graminoids mixed with shrubs. Shrub cover can range up to 50%, but graminoid cover typically exceeds woody cover, and in some cases, shrubs are absent. The herbaceous layer is well-developed, often over 40% cover and up to nearly 100% cover. Bryophyte cover is usually little to none but may occasionally be extensive. The herbaceous layer is often dominated by some combination of <i>Calamagrostis canadensis, Scirpus</i> spp. (including <i>Scirpus cyperinus, Scirpus expansus</i>, and <i>Scirpus atrovirens</i>), and <i>Dulichium arundinaceum</i>. Other locally common species may include <i>Acorus calamus, Agrostis gigantea, Carex lacustris, Carex lupulina, Carex lupuliformis, Carex lurida, Carex stricta, Carex utriculata, Glyceria canadensis, Glyceria grandis, Iris versicolor, Hypericum ellipticum, Juncus canadensis, Leersia oryzoides, Leersia virginica, Lysimachia terrestris, Onoclea sensibilis, Osmunda regalis, Phalaris arundinacea, Poa palustris</i>, and <i>Triadenum fraseri</i>. <i>Typha latifolia</i> may occasionally be present, but these wetlands are usually slightly higher (relative to the water table) than typical cattail marsh. <i>Lythrum salicaria</i> may be locally invasive. Shrub species typically include <i>Spiraea alba</i> and <i>Salix</i> spp. Other shrub constituents vary from site to site and may include <i>Alnus incana, Alnus serrulata, Cephalanthus occidentalis, Cornus sericea, Ilex verticillata, Myrica gale, Salix pedicellaris, Spiraea tomentosa, Vaccinium corymbosum</i>, or <i>Viburnum dentatum</i>. This association is related to other regional wet meadow types but differs in not being almost monotypically dominated by <i>Carex stricta, Calamagrostis canadensis</i>, or <i>Phalaris arundinacea</i>. |
Comm #1579
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Fraxinus pennsylvanica - (Juglans nigra, Platanus occidentalis) Floodplain Forest
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accession code: urn:lsid:vegbank.org:commConcept:35199-{C20DFEB4-945B-4522-8702-1E2978CA2E59}
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NatureServe Biotics 2019 |
10
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This is a green ash - mixed hardwood floodplain forest of the northern Piedmont in the mid-Atlantic eastern United States. It occurs behind levees and on low terraces that are flooded annually for short durations (less than one week per year). Water table is high for the majority of the growing season. Soils are generally silts or clay loams but can have coarser substrates where flood water velocity is higher. The canopy is codominated by <i>Fraxinus pennsylvanica</i> with <i>Juglans nigra</i> and/or <i>Platanus occidentalis</i>. Additional associates include <i>Ulmus americana, Celtis occidentalis, Acer rubrum, Acer saccharinum</i>, and <i>Quercus palustris</i>. In some areas <i>Fraxinus americana</i> may be present in place of <i>Fraxinus pennsylvanica</i>. Subcanopy and shrub layers are sparse and generally composed of canopy species regeneration plus <i>Carpinus caroliniana, Carya cordiformis, Lindera benzoin, Cornus amomum, Viburnum prunifolium</i>, and <i>Viburnum dentatum</i>. The invasive shrubs <i>Rosa multiflora, Lonicera morrowii, Berberis thunbergii</i>, and <i>Lonicera japonica</i> can be problematic. Herbaceous species, where exotics are not rampant, can include <i>Impatiens pallida, Impatiens capensis, Laportea canadensis, Verbesina alternifolia, Thalictrum pubescens, Hydrophyllum canadense, Podophyllum peltatum, Symplocarpus foetidus, Circaea lutetiana, Boehmeria cylindrica, Onoclea sensibilis, Arisaema triphyllum</i>, and <i>Viola</i> spp. Woody vines include <i>Toxicodendron radicans</i> and <i>Parthenocissus quinquefolia</i>. Exotic species tend to dominate the herb layer, including <i>Alliaria petiolata, Glechoma hederacea</i>, and <i>Microstegium vimineum</i>. Diagnostic features of this floodplain forest include the presence of <i>Juglans nigra</i> and rich herbs. |
Comm #1580
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Pinus palustris - Pinus serotina / Quercus laevis / Gaylussacia frondosa / Schizachyrium scoparium Woodland
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accession code: urn:lsid:vegbank.org:commConcept:35430-{F99E61B5-47D7-436C-9446-33611D519EE6}
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NatureServe Biotics 2019 |
10
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This somewhat xeric association occurs primarily in the Inner Coastal Plain of North Carolina and South Carolina on coarse, dry sands. However, it appears to be ecotonal in nature, and hence includes a unique mix of xerophytes and mesic species. The open canopy is dominated by <i>Pinus palustris</i>, although <i>Pinus serotina</i> and <i>Pinus taeda</i> are often common and abundant. <i>Gaylussacia frondosa</i> is the most diagnostic and abundant species in the shrub layer. Other common shrub species include <i>Gaylussacia dumosa, Vaccinium tenellum, Lyonia mariana</i>, and <i>Morella cerifera</i>. The herbaceous layer of this type is relatively sparse and codominated by <i>Aristida stricta</i> and <i>Schizachyrium scoparium</i>. |
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