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Comm #151	Betula alleghaniensis - Fagus grandifolia / Viburnum lantanoides / Eurybia chlorolepis - Dryopteris intermedia Forest » more details accession code: urn:lsid:vegbank.org:commConcept:35536-{3A51419F-6D0A-43BC-860E-86204317DC2C}	NatureServe Biotics 2019	103	This is a broadly defined association meant to cover typical "northern hardwood forests" over 1220 m (4000 feet) elevation of the Southern Blue Ridge and the highest adjacent ridges of the Virginia Ridge and Valley. This deciduous forest association occurs on exposed landforms such as open, north-facing slopes. The canopy is dominated by various mixtures of <i>Betula alleghaniensis, Fagus grandifolia</i>, and sometimes <i>Aesculus flava</i>. In the northern part of the range, <i>Acer saccharum</i> can codominate in the canopy. Other canopy trees may be present but are of minor importance (e.g., <i>Prunus serotina, Quercus rubra, Halesia tetraptera var. monticola</i>). Common subcanopy trees include <i>Acer pensylvanicum, Acer spicatum, Amelanchier laevis</i>, and <i>Acer saccharum</i>. A shrub stratum may be absent to moderately dense. <i>Viburnum lantanoides</i> is a typical shrub. Other possible shrub species include, but are not limited to, <i>Hydrangea arborescens, Ilex montana, Rubus canadensis</i>, and <i>Sambucus racemosa var. racemosa</i>. Herbaceous cover can be dominated by sedges or ferns or be composed of a mixture of sedges, ferns, and other forbs. Typical herbaceous species include <i>Ageratina altissima var. roanensis, Eurybia chlorolepis, Arisaema triphyllum, Athyrium filix-femina ssp. asplenioides, Carex pensylvanica, Dryopteris intermedia, Solidago curtisii, Stellaria pubera, Stellaria corei</i>, and <i>Streptopus lanceolatus var. roseus</i>.
Comm #152	Quercus alba - Quercus (coccinea, velutina, montana) / Gaylussacia baccata Forest » more details accession code: urn:lsid:vegbank.org:commConcept:36581-{B30B1052-4248-472A-B443-91250CB123DD}	NatureServe Biotics 2019	103	This community is a matrix forest of dry, nutrient-poor uplands of the Mid-Atlantic Piedmont Plateau, occurring locally in similar low-elevation landscapes of the Northern Blue Ridge and Ridge and Valley, Cumberland Plateau and Mid-Atlantic Coastal Plain provinces. The type is well-documented across Virginia, and to a lesser extent in Tennessee, West Virginia and Maryland, but probably also occurs at similar sites in Pennsylvania. Stands are located between 30 and 700 m (100-2300 feet) elevation on rolling to sublevel sites of Piedmont and Inner Coastal Plain uplands, mountain valleys and lower mountain slope benches. In the mountains, many documented occurrences are located on ancient alluvial fan deposits, which are especially extensive along the western foot of the Blue Ridge. The vegetation is a closed to very open oak forest with mixed and variable canopy dominance by <i>Quercus alba, Quercus velutina, Quercus coccinea</i>, and <i>Quercus montana</i>. Various <i>Pinus</i> spp., including <i>Pinus virginiana, Pinus echinata, Pinus strobus</i>, and <i>Pinus rigida</i>, are frequent overstory associates, particularly following fire or logging disturbances. <i>Quercus falcata, Quercus stellata, Carya glabra</i>, and <i>Carya tomentosa</i> are infrequent canopy trees. <i>Nyssa sylvatica, Amelanchier arborea</i> and, in the southern part of the range, <i>Oxydendrum arboreum</i> attain exceptional abundance and stature in these forests, dominating the subcanopy layers and occasionally reaching the overstory. <i>Acer rubrum</i> and <i>Sassafras albidum</i> are other common understory trees. In typical stands, the shrub layer is dominated by deciduous ericaceous species, herbaceous species are sparse, and species-richness is moderate to very low.
Comm #153	PENTAPHYLLOIDES FLORIBUNDA ALLIANCE » more details accession code: VB.CC.8739.PENTAPHYLLOIDES	Jennings 2003. Vegetation alliances: composition and function.	101
Comm #154	Aesculus flava - Betula alleghaniensis - Acer saccharum / Caulophyllum thalictroides - Actaea podocarpa Forest » more details accession code: urn:lsid:vegbank.org:commConcept:33741-{B3FFFD2D-B69D-445C-9233-5A9BE410A8FC}	NatureServe Biotics 2019	100	This association includes forests on high but sheltered slopes in the Southern and Central Appalachians, with canopies dominated by species typically known as northern hardwoods (<i>Aesculus flava, Fagus grandifolia, Betula alleghaniensis, Acer saccharum</i>), but with a rich herbaceous flora dominated by forbs and more typical of lower elevation "cove" forests. This forest occurs on deep, rocky soils on the upper slopes of coves, and on other protected landforms, at elevations of 1070-1525 m (3500-5000 feet), and can be associated with mafic substrates. Other canopy species can include <i>Fraxinus americana, Tilia americana var. heterophylla</i>, and <i>Quercus rubra</i>. In the Great Smoky Mountains and in the Nantahala Mountains (Standing Indian), <i>Halesia tetraptera var. monticola</i> can be an important canopy component. The shrub stratum is typically open, but small trees such as <i>Acer spicatum, Acer pensylvanicum</i>, and <i>Amelanchier laevis</i> are frequent. Herbaceous cover can be lush, quite diverse, and is typically dominated and characterized by large forbs such as <i>Caulophyllum thalictroides, Actaea podocarpa, Actaea racemosa, Collinsonia canadensis, Ageratina altissima var. roanensis, Laportea canadensis, Campanulastrum americanum</i>, and <i>Tiarella cordifolia</i>. Other species typical of northern hardwood forests such as <i>Dryopteris intermedia</i> and <i>Eurybia chlorolepis</i> are also common. The canopy of these forests always has a component of <i>Betula alleghaniensis</i> and/or <i>Fagus grandifolia</i>, occurring with <i>Acer saccharum</i>, over a lush and diverse herbaceous stratum.
Comm #155	Ceanothus megacarpus - Malosma laurina Shrubland » more details accession code: VB.CC.37445.CEGL003567		99	This shrubland association occurs on gentle to very steep slopes of variable aspect at low to mid elevations between 42 and 780 m. It is characterized by a dominance of <i>Ceanothus megacarpus</i> and a subdominance of <i>Malosma laurina</i> in the shrub layer. The herbaceous layer is insignificant in older stands. The emergent tree layer is generally absent but can include <i>Quercus agrifolia, Umbellularia californica, Juglans californica, Pinus</i> sp., and <i>Eucalyptus</i> sp.
Comm #156	Fouquieria splendens Shrubland Alliance » more details accession code: VB.cc.30690.FOUQUIERIASPLEN	NVC 2004	98
Comm #157	Pinus virginiana - Pinus (rigida, echinata) - (Quercus montana) / Vaccinium pallidum Forest » more details accession code: urn:lsid:vegbank.org:commConcept:35426-{587D2F62-6BEC-4A64-9B1E-74779DE3C56F}	NatureServe Biotics 2019	98	This community includes <i>Pinus virginiana</i>-dominated forests of low-elevation ridges and steep upper slopes, occurring primarily in the Appalachian provinces of the eastern United States, from southwestern Virginia, south and west to northern Georgia and northern Alabama. This community occurs on narrow ridges, steep slopes, and other topographic positions with high solar exposure, over shallow, infertile soils. This mainly evergreen forest is often of low stature, with a somewhat open to closed canopy, sparse to very dense shrub cover dominated by ericaceous species, and a sparse herb stratum. <i>Pinus virginiana</i> is the canopy dominant throughout the range of the type. In some parts of the range, other <i>Pinus</i> species may be significant canopy associates, as well as dry-site <i>Quercus</i> species (e.g., <i>Quercus montana, Quercus coccinea</i>). Deciduous species may form a subcanopy or sapling stratum, particularly in areas where fire has been excluded. Common shrub dominants include <i>Vaccinium pallidum, Vaccinium stamineum, Gaylussacia baccata</i>, and <i>Kalmia latifolia</i>. Herbs vary with geography but are typical of infertile, xeric habitats. Some typical herbs in this forest are <i>Baptisia tinctoria, Chimaphila maculata, Dichanthelium commutatum, Epigaea repens, Euphorbia corollata, Galax urceolata, Gaultheria procumbens, Hypoxis hirsuta, Iris verna, Pityopsis graminifolia var. latifolia, Pteridium aquilinum var. latiusculum</i>, and <i>Schizachyrium scoparium</i>.
Comm #158	Malosma laurina - Eriogonum cinereum Shrubland » more details accession code: VB.CC.37432.CEGL003698		98	This shrubland association occurs on gentle to abrupt southwest- and southeast-facing slopes at low elevations between 0 and 550 m. It is characterized by a dominance of <i>Malosma laurina</i> and a subdominance of <i>Eriogonum cinereum</i> in the shrub layer. The herbaceous layer is relatively insignificant with no apparent indicator species. The emergent tree layer is usually absent.
Comm #159	Justicia americana Riverbed Vegetation » more details accession code: urn:lsid:vegbank.org:commConcept:33119-{00196F69-EEC1-460D-8ECC-77AEBA7603B2}	NatureServe Biotics 2019	97	This widespread association is found primarily in the Piedmont, Central Appalachians, Cumberland Plateau, Interior Low Plateau, Ozarks, Ouachita Mountains, and adjacent provinces. Stands occur on the shoals or bars of rocky streams and riverbeds, where they are subject to frequent high-energy floods. Slopes range from level to moderate but are typically gentle. The substrate is a variable mixture of sand, gravel and cobbles, often with deposits of silt and muck. Rooting occurs in the interstices between cobbles and boulders. <i>Justicia americana</i> is the characteristic dominant. <i>Saururus cernuus</i> is often present and may be codominant. Other herbaceous species that may be present include <i>Bidens</i> spp., <i>Cyperus</i> spp., <i>Diodia teres, Elodea</i> sp., <i>Eleocharis</i> spp., <i>Equisetum arvense, Gratiola brevifolia, Leersia oryzoides, Leersia virginica, Lemna minor, Orontium aquaticum, Physostegia virginiana, Podostemum ceratophyllum, Scirpus</i> spp., <i>Schoenoplectus pungens, Schoenoplectus tabernaemontani</i>, and <i>Xyris difformis var. difformis</i>. Exotics include <i>Lythrum salicaria, Lysimachia vulgaris</i> and <i>Polygonum cespitosum var. longisetum</i>; where present, these are sparse. Some stands have low cover by scattered flood-suppressed trees or an overhanging canopy. Trees in plots include <i>Acer saccharinum, Betula nigra, Carpinus caroliniana, Fraxinus pennsylvanica</i>, and <i>Platanus occidentalis</i>. Scattered shrub seedlings of <i>Salix nigra, Salix caroliniana, Betula nigra, Cephalanthus occidentalis, Acer saccharinum</i>, or <i>Platanus occidentalis</i> may also be present. This association provides habitat in some portions of its range for globally rare dragonflies and herbs.
Comm #160	Fraxinus pennsylvanica - Platanus occidentalis - Celtis laevigata / Chasmanthium latifolium Piedmont Floodplain Forest » more details accession code: urn:lsid:vegbank.org:commConcept:35331-{72AFC97F-5A83-481F-AA33-846902F4BAB2}	NatureServe Biotics 2019	97	This forest occurs on natural levees of large to medium floodplains in the Piedmont region of North Carolina, and the central and southern Piedmont of Virginia. A few stands also occur in the extreme Inner Coastal Plain of southeastern Virginia, along the Meherrin and Nottoway rivers, and in South Carolina and Georgia. Soils are sandy and generally very fertile. Flooding is fairly frequent but generally of short duration. Characteristic levee forest trees dominate or are at least abundant, particularly <i>Platanus occidentalis, Fraxinus pennsylvanica, Celtis laevigata</i>, and <i>Acer negundo</i>. Other frequent or abundant species include <i>Liquidambar styraciflua, Liriodendron tulipifera, Ulmus americana</i>, and <i>Carya cordiformis</i>. Frequent understory trees include <i>Carpinus caroliniana ssp. caroliniana, Asimina triloba, Cornus florida</i>, and canopy species. The shrub layer is often moderate to dense, with <i>Lindera benzoin, Arundinaria gigantea, Aesculus sylvatica, Asimina triloba, Ilex decidua</i>, or the exotic shrub <i>Ligustrum sinense</i> abundant. Vines are often abundant. The herbaceous layer is usually dense. <i>Elymus virginicus</i> or <i>Chasmanthium latifolium</i> often dominate. Other frequent herbs include <i>Boehmeria cylindrica, Carex</i> spp. <i>Galium aparine, Polygonum virginianum, Sanicula canadensis, Verbesina occidentalis</i>, and <i>Viola</i> spp.