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Description |
Comm #1721
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Thuja occidentalis - Fraxinus nigra Swamp Forest
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accession code: urn:lsid:vegbank.org:commConcept:33929-{9949D481-2A21-42DA-B258-B5964B4EFDEC}
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NatureServe Biotics 2019 |
8
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This white-cedar - black ash forest is found in the hemi- and subboreal regions of the Great Lakes in the United States and Canada where it occurs on wet, saturated soils. Substrate is well-decomposed peat and hummocky topography is present. Canopy cover is variable, sometimes fairly open. <i>Thuja occidentalis</i>, with or without <i>Fraxinus nigra</i>, dominates the canopy (some stands may have <i>Fraxinus</i> in the upper canopy and <i>Thuja</i> in the lower canopy). <i>Populus tremuloides</i> can be a major component, but this may be caused by logging of <i>Thuja occidentalis</i>. <i>Acer rubrum, Betula alleghaniensis</i>, and <i>Picea glauca</i> may also be present. Shrubs include <i>Acer spicatum, Cornus alternifolia, Lonicera canadensis, Ribes</i> spp., and <i>Rubus pubescens</i>. The herb layer includes <i>Aralia nudicaulis, Arisaema triphyllum, Clintonia borealis, Cornus canadensis, Dryopteris carthusiana, Galium triflorum, Maianthemum canadense, Tiarella cordifolia</i> and <i>Trientalis borealis</i>. |
Comm #1722
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Picea mariana - (Larix laricina) / Ledum groenlandicum / Sphagnum spp. Swamp Forest
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accession code: urn:lsid:vegbank.org:commConcept:34034-{66C7E7C4-6EF9-4902-91D0-374D0EB94C53}
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NatureServe Biotics 2019 |
8
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This community is found in the northern Great Lakes and Northern Appalachian/Boreal region of the United States and Canada and elsewhere in the boreal regions of central and eastern Canada. Sites are found on level, wet sites with organic soils, but not generally as components of large open peatlands. These sites are poorly drained and acidic, allowing a moderate to thick layer of peat to accumulate. Nutrient levels are very low. The overstory of this community is dominated by conifers. The tree canopy is closed to broken to closed with a moderately well-developed low-shrub layer, sparse herbaceous layer, and a carpet of mosses. The canopy is often pure <i>Picea mariana</i>. The only other trees that are occasionally found with it are <i>Abies balsamea, Larix laricina</i>, and <i>Pinus banksiana</i>. The shrubs are primarily ericaceous and include <i>Chamaedaphne calyculata, Gaultheria hispidula, Kalmia polifolia, Ledum groenlandicum</i>, and <i>Vaccinium myrtilloides</i>, as well as <i>Cornus canadensis</i>. In the Northeast, shrubs may include <i>Kalmia angustifolia, Ilex mucronata, Viburnum nudum var. cassinoides</i>, or <i>Rhododendron canadense</i>. The few herbaceous species that live in this community include <i>Carex trisperma, Eriophorum vaginatum var. spissum, Clintonia borealis</i>, and <i>Maianthemum trifolium</i>. <i>Sphagnum</i> spp., <i>Dicranum polysetum</i>, and <i>Pleurozium schreberi</i> are the major species constituting the abundant moss layer. |
Comm #1723
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Picea rubens / Vaccinium angustifolium / Sibbaldiopsis tridentata Woodland
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accession code: urn:lsid:vegbank.org:commConcept:34703-{64A1184C-E3C5-4787-B9AC-081CB7E7EACB}
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NatureServe Biotics 2019 |
8
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This red spruce woodland of the Northern Appalachians occurs primarily on acidic bedrock outcrops or summits. Soil development is restricted to crevices or sheltered areas interspersed with significant amounts of exposed bedrock. What soils are present are shallow, well-drained to excessively drained, acidic, coarse sands. Elevations of known examples range from near sea level at the coast to 305-760 m (1000-2500 feet) inland. The canopy is patchy and open, with areas of moderate canopy cover interspersed with areas of sparse vegetation and much open rock. Taken over a large area, woodland structure (25-60% canopy cover) is evident. Tall shrubs and herb are sparse. The dwarf-shrub layer is of variable cover, and may be locally extensive, as may bryoids. Canopy trees are primarily <i>Picea rubens</i> and <i>Abies balsamea</i>, with <i>Pinus strobus</i> occasionally codominant. Associated tree species include <i>Betula papyrifera var. papyrifera, Betula papyrifera var. cordifolia, Pinus rigida, Thuja occidentalis</i>, and <i>Picea mariana</i>. Typical tall shrubs are <i>Sorbus americana, Sorbus decora, Viburnum nudum var. cassinoides, Ilex mucronata, Aronia melanocarpa</i>, or <i>Amelanchier</i> spp. <i>Morella pensylvanica</i> and <i>Picea glauca</i> may be present in this community near the seacoast. The low heath layer is made up of <i>Vaccinium angustifolium, Vaccinium myrtilloides, Gaylussacia baccata</i>, and <i>Kalmia angustifolia</i>. Forbs and graminoids include <i>Deschampsia flexuosa, Danthonia spicata, Piptatheropsis pungens, Sibbaldiopsis tridentata, Solidago simplex var. randii</i>, and <i>Maianthemum canadense</i>. Bryoids include <i>Cladonia</i> spp., <i>Pleurozium schreberi, Dicranum polysetum, Polytrichum juniperinum, Polytrichum piliferum</i>, and <i>Polytrichum commune</i>. Ground cover is sparse needle litter and exposed bedrock. This association occurs on bedrock ridges and outcrops, compared to the floristically similar ~<i>Picea rubens / Ribes glandulosum</i> Woodland (CEGL006250)$$, which occurs on talus. |
Comm #1724
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Quercus stellata / Schizachyrium scoparium - Andropogon gerardii - Pycnanthemum tenuifolium - Packera paupercula Wooded Grassland
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accession code: urn:lsid:vegbank.org:commConcept:34862-{8158BE96-26CB-4E8B-B281-99CD04DCADFE}
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NatureServe Biotics 2019 |
8
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This association is restricted to Virginia's Blue Ridge. It occurs over amphibolite, which weathers to produce high base status soils. This community is known only from Buffalo Mountain in the southern Blue Ridge Mountains of Virginia. Although floristically related to other more common types of glades, this is a distinct type that reflects the unusual environmental conditions of the small glades on amphibole gneiss bedrock of Buffalo Mountain. There are several small openings with this type of glade set within a matrix of oak-dominated vegetation. Typical stands of this association contain <i>Quercus stellata</i> and <i>Juniperus virginiana var. virginiana</i> in the open to sparse canopy, with <i>Schizachyrium scoparium</i> as a dominant grass and <i>Castilleja coccinea</i> as a characteristic herb. |
Comm #1725
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Eriocaulon aquaticum - Juncus pelocarpus - Drosera intermedia Marsh
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accession code: urn:lsid:vegbank.org:commConcept:34912-{EAB4D90D-4B01-457D-AA25-98E60074A749}
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NatureServe Biotics 2019 |
8
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This pine barrens savanna community occurs in the Pine Barrens of New Jersey on the floodplains of Outer Coastal Plain rivers and streams. It is often found in seepage channels or in wet depressions that are part of a mosaic of herbaceous and woody herbaceous riverside savanna. Microtopography is flat to gently sloping with scattered emergent plants and exposed substrate. The visual impression of this community is a very wet, shallow depression, linear or lobed, often flooded except during drought when iron-rich muck substrate is exposed. This community is stable in perennial seepage channels and successional in historically disturbed sites that were mined for bog iron and currently low enough in elevation to be backflooded by river water. Dominant species include <i>Eriocaulon aquaticum, Juncus pelocarpus</i>, and <i>Drosera intermedia</i>. <i>Orontium aquaticum, Nymphaea odorata, Juncus militaris</i>, or <i>Rhynchospora inundata</i> can also be codominant and may be considered variants of this type. Associated herbaceous species include <i>Cladium mariscoides, Dulichium arundinaceum, Eleocharis olivacea var. olivacea, Eleocharis tuberculosa, Rhynchospora alba, Sagittaria engelmanniana, Sclerolepis uniflora, Utricularia cornuta</i>, and <i>Xyris smalliana</i>. Associated bryophytes include <i>Sphagnum pylaesii</i>. |
Comm #1726
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Pinus strobus - Tsuga canadensis Lower New England-Northern Piedmont Forest
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accession code: urn:lsid:vegbank.org:commConcept:34974-{8128FFBB-DC5C-4409-AC99-03731DC2C572}
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NatureServe Biotics 2019 |
8
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This dry-mesic coniferous forest of usually sloping (moderately to steeply) sites is dominated by <i>Pinus strobus</i> and/or <i>Tsuga canadensis</i>. It can occur in somewhat sheltered ravines where <i>Tsuga canadensis</i> is nearly monotypic in all layers. Other frequent tree species depend on geography and can include <i>Betula papyrifera, Quercus rubra</i>, and <i>Acer rubrum</i>, with <i>Pinus rigida, Prunus serotina, Quercus velutina, Carya tomentosa, Betula lenta, Acer saccharum, Fraxinus americana, Betula alleghaniensis</i>, and <i>Betula populifolia</i> occurring less frequently. Although frequent, deciduous tree species generally occur with low abundance. Canopy cover is typically 80-90%. The subcanopy is often sparse but may extend up to 40% cover. <i>Acer pensylvanicum</i> is a common, though rarely abundant, small tree. Shrubs are absent or sparse but when present may include <i>Hamamelis virginiana, Kalmia latifolia, Rhododendron maximum, Vaccinium angustifolium</i>, and <i>Viburnum acerifolium</i>. The herbaceous layer is generally not well-developed nor diverse and is generally characterized by <i>Gaultheria procumbens, Medeola virginiana, Polystichum acrostichoides</i>, and <i>Thelypteris noveboracensis</i>. Other herbaceous associates often include <i>Aralia nudicaulis, Uvularia sessilifolia, Mitchella repens, Trientalis borealis, Monotropa uniflora, Dryopteris intermedia, Dryopteris marginalis, Dryopteris carthusiana, Polypodium virginianum</i>, and <i>Maianthemum canadense</i>. <i>Deschampsia flexuosa</i> and other grasses may be present in small openings and gaps. Nonvascular plants tend to be sparse but can include <i>Leucobryum albidum</i> and <i>Polytrichum</i> and <i>Dicranum</i> species. Soils are moderately to extremely well-drained (dry-mesic to mesic) loamy sands and sandy loams, often sandy, stony or bouldery. The major natural disturbance in this forest type is generally single-tree blowdowns. |
Comm #1727
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Salix nigra / Polygonum punctatum - Boehmeria cylindrica Forest
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accession code: urn:lsid:vegbank.org:commConcept:34994-{201D2B75-B643-4EE1-9B4B-0B7F5AA3834D}
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NatureServe Biotics 2019 |
8
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This association comprises a late-successional stage of interdunal swale wetland vegetation occurring on larger barrier island systems along the Atlantic Coast of Virginia and possibly North Carolina. Interdunal swale wetlands form when the freshwater aquifer intersects the dune surface and substrate is saturated for durations of time that are long enough to support peat development and accumulation. Substrate is peat over sand. This later successional phase results when the length of soil saturation is shorter, favoring the invasion of woody species. This phase is dominated by <i>Salix nigra</i>, growing in association with <i>Acer rubrum</i> in a short-statured canopy. The shrub layer is characterized by <i>Morella cerifera</i>, and can be well-developed or sparse depending on the degree of peat development and variability in microtopography. The herb layer is characterized by <i>Hydrocotyle umbellata, Polygonum punctatum</i>, and <i>Bidens laevis</i>. Other herbaceous associates include <i>Thelypteris palustris var. pubescens, Boehmeria cylindrica, Triadenum virginicum, Peltandra virginica, Leersia oryzoides</i>, and others. Changes in the duration of soil saturation can invoke successional shifts in vegetation; decreased duration of soil saturation tends to maintain woody vegetation, whereas increased duration reverses succession and favors emergent herbaceous vegetation. |
Comm #1728
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Appalachian - Alleghenian Sandstone Dry Cliff Vegetation
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accession code: urn:lsid:vegbank.org:commConcept:35078-{436EF67A-0B6F-441A-A983-186C0358A543}
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NatureServe Biotics 2019 |
8
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This dry sandstone cliff community occurs in the Western Allegheny Plateau and central Appalachian Mountains of the United States. Stands occur as steep to vertical rock exposures of sandstone bedrock. Aspect is variable, but stands are best developed on south- and west-facing slopes. Vascular plants are restricted to shelves, cracks and crevices in the rock, generally averaging less than 20% cover. Mosses and lichens are common, including crustose lichens. The sparse woody species include <i>Tsuga canadensis, Betula alleghaniensis, Betula lenta, Rhododendron maximum, Rhododendron periclymenoides, Kalmia latifolia, Toxicodendron radicans</i>, and rarely <i>Hydrangea arborescens</i>. Herbs are sparse but may include the forbs <i>Agrostis perennans, Aquilegia canadensis, Eurybia divaricata, Mitchella repens, Sedum ternatum</i>, and <i>Viola blanda</i>. <i>Silene rotundifolia</i> often occurs at the drip line. Ferns such as <i>Asplenium montanum, Asplenium pinnatifidum, Asplenium rhizophyllum, Asplenium trichomanes, Cystopteris tenuis, Dennstaedtia punctilobula, Dryopteris intermedia, Dryopteris marginalis, Polypodium virginianum, Polypodium appalachianum, Woodsia obtusa</i>, and the rare <i>Asplenium bradleyi</i> also occur. Massive cliffs in the gorges of the Gauley and Meadow rivers (West Virginia) can have dramatic overhangs which create unique dry habitats utilized by Allegheny woodrats (<i>Neotoma magister</i>) and antlions (larvae of insects in the family Myrmeleontidae). |
Comm #1729
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Quercus (rubra, alba) / Carpinus caroliniana - (Halesia tetraptera) / Maianthemum racemosum Forest
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accession code: urn:lsid:vegbank.org:commConcept:35102-{D724889E-10E8-4C80-9CA1-81AE25697FAE}
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NatureServe Biotics 2019 |
8
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This association is a closed-canopy to somewhat open-canopy deciduous floodplain forest on the highest positions of river floodplains. These alluvial terraces are infrequently flooded and some are possibly no longer flooded. Low frequency and low energy of flooding is evidenced by the development of litter layers and organic-enriched soil horizons. Soils are well-drained sands and sandy loams, and soil moisture regime may be somewhat dry. The soils are slightly to moderately acidic and have relatively high cation levels. Slopes range from level to steep. The canopy is frequently composed of very large-diameter, tall trees, with species more typical of uplands. Dominant trees in the canopy include <i>Quercus rubra, Quercus velutina, Quercus alba, Liriodendron tulipifera</i>, and <i>Acer saccharum</i>. Additional trees which may occur in the canopy and subcanopy include <i>Acer rubrum, Carya alba, Carya cordiformis, Carya ovata, Fagus grandifolia, Fraxinus pennsylvanica, Juglans nigra, Magnolia acuminata, Magnolia tripetala, Nyssa sylvatica, Platanus occidentalis, Prunus serotina var. serotina</i>, and <i>Ulmus americana</i>. The small tree <i>Halesia tetraptera</i> is dominant in some areas as a well-developed tall-shrub layer and may extend into the tree subcanopy; <i>Sassafras albidum</i> may also occur as a small tree. Additional shrubs include <i>Carpinus caroliniana, Dirca palustris, Hamamelis virginiana, Lindera benzoin, Smilax rotundifolia, Magnolia tripetala, Asimina triloba</i>, and <i>Viburnum prunifolium</i>. Low shrubs may be present, though typically sparse, and include <i>Xanthorhiza simplicissima, Chionanthus virginicus, Euonymus americanus, Hamamelis virginiana</i>, and <i>Smilax rotundifolia</i>. Characteristic herbs include <i>Ageratina altissima, Amphicarpaea bracteata, Arisaema triphyllum, Cynoglossum virginianum, Dichanthelium boscii, Eurybia divaricata, Galium circaezans, Galium triflorum, Hexastylis virginica, Hydrastis canadensis, Maianthemum racemosum, Packera aurea, Polygonatum biflorum, Sanguinaria canadensis, Sedum ternatum, Thelypteris noveboracensis</i>, and <i>Verbesina alternifolia</i>. |
Comm #1730
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Platanus occidentalis - (Liquidambar styraciflua, Liriodendron tulipifera) / Asimina triloba Floodplain Forest
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accession code: urn:lsid:vegbank.org:commConcept:35224-{93B6E38D-14B1-4111-9A79-37DB3E7166B1}
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NatureServe Biotics 2019 |
8
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This Inner Coastal Plain streamside forest of the Mid-Atlantic region occurs along braided and intermittent streams on active and former stream channels. Flooding frequency is annual, and soils are alluvial clay loams or sandy clay loams. The tree canopy is dominated by <i>Platanus occidentalis, Liquidambar styraciflua, Betula nigra, Liriodendron tulipifera</i>, and <i>Acer rubrum</i>. Less frequent associates may include <i>Quercus michauxii, Ulmus americana</i>, and <i>Quercus phellos</i>. The subcanopy is of variable cover and is characterized by <i>Asimina triloba, Carpinus caroliniana, Lindera benzoin</i>, and <i>Ilex opaca</i>, with <i>Cornus florida</i> found less frequently. Typical vines include <i>Toxicodendron radicans, Parthenocissus quinquefolia</i>, and <i>Smilax rotundifolia</i>. The most abundant herbs are <i>Boehmeria cylindrica</i> and <i>Arisaema triphyllum</i>. Other herbaceous associates include <i>Geum virginianum, Carex debilis, Lycopus virginicus, Impatiens capensis, Pilea pumila, Claytonia virginica, Ranunculus abortivus</i>, and <i>Cardamine concatenata</i>. The vine <i>Campsis radicans</i> may also be present. |
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