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Name
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Reference
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Plots↓
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Description |
Comm #2111
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Pinus cembroides - Quercus gravesii Forest Alliance
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accession code: VB.cc.30749.PINUSCEMBROIDES
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NVC 2004 |
6
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Comm #2112
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NY Heritage: Red maple-hardwood swamp
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accession code: VB.CC.28657.NYHERITAGEREDMA
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Ecological Communities of New York, 2nd Ed. |
6
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A hardwood swamp that occurs in poorly drained depressions, usually on inorganic soils. This is a broadly defined community with many regional and edaphic variants. In any one stand red maple (Acer rubrum) is either the only canopy dominant, or it is codominant with one or more hardwoods including ashes (Fraxinus pennsylvanica, F. nigra, and F. americana), elms (Ulmus americana and U. rubra), yellow birch (Betula alleghaniensis), and swamp white oak (Quercus bicolor). Other trees with low percent cover include butternut (Juglans cinerea), bitternut hickory (Carya cordiformis), black gum (Nyssa sylvatica), American hornbeam (Carpinus carolinianus), and white pine (Pinus strobus).
The shrub layer is usually well-developed and may be quite dense. Characteristic shrubs are winterberry (Ilex verticillata), spicebush (Lindera benzoin), alders (Alnus incana ssp. rugosa and A. serrulata), viburnums (Viburnum dentatum var. lucidum, and V. nudum var. cassinoides), highbush blueberry (Vaccinium corymbosum), common elderberry (Sambucus canadensis), and various shrubby dogwoods (Cornus sericea, C. foemina ssp. racemosa, and C. amomum). Swamp azalea (Rhododendron viscosum) is more common in southern examples, and poison sumac (Toxicodendron vernix) and black ash are more common in richer (higher pH) examples.
The herbaceous layer may be quite diverse and is often dominated by ferns, including sensitive fern (Onoclea sensibilis), cinnamon fern (Osmunda cinnamomea), royal fern (O. regalis), and marsh fern (Thelypteris palustris), with much lesser amounts of crested wood fern (Dryopteris cristata), and spinulose wood fern (Dryopteris carthusiana). Characteristic herbs include skunk cabbage (Symplocarpus foetidus), white hellebore (Veratrum viride), sedges (Carex stricta, C. lacustris, and C. intumescens), jewelweed (Impatiens capensis), false nettle (Boehmeria cylindrica), arrow arum (Peltandra virginica), tall meadow rue (Thalictrum pubescens), and marsh marigold (Caltha palustris). Open patches within the swamp may contain other herbs characteristic of shallow emergent marsh.
Examples of wetland fauna that occur in the glaciated northeast red maple-hardwood swamps include wood duck (Aix sponosa), American black duck (Anas rubripes), northern waterthrush (Seiurus noveboracensis), beaver (Castor canadensis), river otter (Lutra canadensis), and mink (Mustela vison). These swamps provide breeding habitat for many wetland-dependent species, such as spring peeper (Pseudacris crucifer crucifer), American toad (Bufo americanus americanus), wood frog (Rana sylvatica), and spotted salamander (Ambystoma maculatum) (Golet et al. 1993). More data on characteristic animals, especially invertebrates, are needed. |
Comm #2113
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Ephedra torreyana Shrub Herbaceous Alliance
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accession code: VB.cc.30034.EPHEDRATORREYAN
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NVC 2004 |
6
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Comm #2114
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CRYPTOCRUST SPARSE VEGETATION
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accession code: VB.cc.29981.CRYPTOCRUSTSPAR
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NVC 2004 |
6
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Comm #2115
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AGRICULTURE - DRYLAND/FALLOW
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accession code: VB.cc.29799.AGRICULTUREDRYL
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NVC 2004 |
6
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Comm #2116
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IVA AXILLARIS HERBACEOUS ALLIANCE
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accession code: VB.cc.30074.IVAAXILLARISHER
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NVC 2004 |
6
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Comm #2117
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Betula nigra - Platanus occidentalis Floodplain Forest
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accession code: urn:lsid:vegbank.org:commConcept:30995-{E6AD85D5-9C7B-4DE6-A408-5F8D56B653AF}
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NatureServe Biotics 2019 |
6
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This river birch - sycamore forest community is found throughout the east-central United States. Stands commonly occur along stream and small riverbanks, shores of ponds, and in swampy forests. Alluvial soils which support this natural community are relatively deep, moist, well-drained, and often sandy on the surface. <i>Betula nigra</i> and <i>Platanus occidentalis</i> are the typical dominants. They are fast-growing, relatively short-lived, and do not tolerate excessive shade at any stage of growth. <i>Betula nigra</i> prefers acidic soils and is often the dominant tree found along streams affected by acidic mine drainage. A wide range of canopy species are present, both common bottomland species (e.g., <i>Ulmus americana, Acer rubrum, Acer negundo, Fraxinus pennsylvanica, Quercus</i> spp., and <i>Celtis laevigata</i>) and mesophytic species from nearby uplands and terraces (e.g., <i>Juglans nigra, Prunus serotina</i>, and <i>Fraxinus americana</i>). Vines that may reach into the canopy include <i>Toxicodendron radicans</i> and <i>Vitis aestivalis var. bicolor</i>. A variety of wetland species may be found on more poorly drained sites. Stands are subjected to frequent, fast, short-duration flooding, which contributes to a typically thin understory. Native species in the shrub layer include <i>Carpinus caroliniana ssp. virginiana, Lindera benzoin, Alnus serrulata</i>, and <i>Cornus amomum</i>; the exotic <i>Rosa multiflora</i> may be prevalent at some sites. Commonly encountered herbaceous species include <i>Saururus cernuus, Amphicarpaea bracteata, Arisaema dracontium, Boehmeria cylindrica, Carex amphibola, Glyceria striata, Impatiens capensis, Leersia virginica, Onoclea sensibilis, Symphyotrichum ontarionis, Pilea pumila, Polygonum virginianum, Verbesina alternifolia</i>, and <i>Verbesina occidentalis</i>. Exotic herbs are abundant at some sites and include <i>Lysimachia nummularia, Alliaria petiolata</i>, and <i>Urtica dioica ssp. dioica</i>. |
Comm #2118
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Tsuga mertensiana Woodland Alliance
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accession code: VB.cc.30871.TSUGAMERTENSIAN
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NVC 2004 |
6
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Comm #2119
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LITTLELEAF HORSEBRUSH SHRUBLAND ALLIANCE
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accession code: VB.cc.30113.LITTLELEAFHORSE
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NVC 2004 |
6
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Comm #2120
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Taxodium distichum - Nyssa biflora - Acer rubrum - Magnolia virginiana Swamp Forest
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accession code: urn:lsid:vegbank.org:commConcept:32664-{3983F330-5180-4537-9C01-A35C19AF7BCE}
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NatureServe Biotics 2019 |
6
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Stands of this forest are dominated by <i>Taxodium distichum, Nyssa biflora, Acer rubrum</i>, and <i>Magnolia virginiana</i>. It is known in Florida from Big Gum Swamp Wilderness, Osceola National Forest and farther east at Timucuan Ecological and Historic Preserve and may also occur directly to the north at Pinhook Swamp, Osceola National Forest and Okefenokee Swamp National Wildlife Refuge. There it occurs in a large, poorly drained flat area, with some poorly defined creeks which are tributaries of the Middle Fork St. Mary's River. The site is along the flat divide between the Atlantic drainage (St. Mary's River) and Gulf drainage (Suwannee River). At Timucuan it occurs along the Thomas Creek tributary of the Nassau River. This forest is dominated by <i>Taxodium distichum, Nyssa biflora, Acer rubrum</i>, and <i>Magnolia virginiana</i>. The subcanopy is composed of <i>Acer rubrum, Magnolia virginiana</i>, and <i>Persea palustris</i>. Shrubs are <i>Lyonia lucida, Morella cerifera, Persea palustris</i>, and <i>Eubotrys racemosa</i>. <i>Toxicodendron radicans</i> is an important vine, and <i>Dulichium arundinaceum</i> is the only sparse herb documented. In a stand from the Ocala National Forest, the canopy contains <i>Nyssa biflora, Taxodium distichum, Acer rubrum</i>, and <i>Pinus elliottii</i>. In addition, the subcanopy contains <i>Ulmus americana, Ilex cassine, Persea palustris</i>, and <i>Sabal palmetto</i>. Shrubs include <i>Diospyros virginiana, Fraxinus caroliniana, Ilex cassine, Itea virginica, Morella cerifera, Nyssa biflora, Persea palustris, Quercus nigra, Toxicodendron radicans</i>, and <i>Vaccinium virgatum</i>. Vines include <i>Parthenocissus quinquefolia, Smilax bona-nox, Decumaria barbara</i>, and <i>Vitis aestivalis</i>. Herbs include <i>Woodwardia virginica, Hypoxis curtissii, Peltandra virginica, Dichanthelium</i> sp., <i>Osmunda regalis, Carex</i> sp., <i>Chasmanthium nitidum, Mitchella repens, Osmunda cinnamomea, Solidago latissimifolia</i>, and the epiphytic <i>Tillandsia bartramii</i>. |
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