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Comm #2141
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Thuja occidentalis / Carex eburnea - Pellaea atropurpurea Cliff Woodland
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accession code: urn:lsid:vegbank.org:commConcept:31504-{91910D4A-BAA2-4A04-83C7-A299C85A20E4}
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NatureServe Biotics 2019 |
6
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This white-cedar cliff woodland type is found in the Appalachian and Allegheny Plateau region of the United States. The type extends to near the southern limit of <i>Thuja occidentalis</i>, in the southeastern Highland Rim of Kentucky and Tennessee, where it tends to increase its distinctiveness from more northern communities. Stands occur on north-facing bluffs or cliffs of dolomite or limestone, where dip slopes provide slight seepage and maintain humidity higher than the regional average, or provide a cooler-than-normal microclimate. In Ohio it occurs as pure isolated patches on steep calcareous cliffs. It is also found as mixed stands on the uplands above the cliffs. Stands are dominated by coniferous trees but can have a significant amount of deciduous species. The structure of this association can vary from a stunted, very open canopy of <i>Thuja</i> to a mixed conifer-deciduous woodland approaching a forest structure. Canopy species other than <i>Thuja occidentalis</i> vary with geography. The most abundant tree species are <i>Thuja occidentalis, Acer saccharum, Tsuga canadensis, Juniperus virginiana, Quercus alba, Quercus muehlenbergii</i>, and <i>Quercus rubra</i>. Other associates include <i>Celtis occidentalis</i> and <i>Ulmus rubra</i> in more northern stands. Shrub and small tree species include <i>Cercis canadensis, Cornus florida, Hydrangea arborescens, Ostrya virginiana</i>, and <i>Rhus aromatica</i>. Closed-canopy stands have very few vascular species in the lower strata, while stands with broken canopies contain scattered shrubs and a substantial number of herbaceous species. Composition of the herbaceous and shrub strata can also vary due to seepage influence. Composition is quite variable, but some of the most constant herbaceous plants include <i>Asarum canadense, Carex eburnea, Cystopteris bulbifera</i>, and <i>Hepatica nobilis var. acuta</i>. In Kentucky, sites are small (0.1-1 acre), with scattered <i>Thuja occidentalis</i> codominating with <i>Acer saccharum, Fraxinus americana, Ostrya virginiana</i>, and <i>Philadelphus hirsutus</i>. Other associated species include <i>Juniperus virginiana var. virginiana, Cercis canadensis var. canadensis, Pachysandra procumbens, Hamamelis virginiana, Parthenocissus quinquefolia, Solidago flexicaulis, Solidago sphacelata, Symphyotrichum cordifolium</i>, and <i>Dioscorea quaternata</i>. Examples occurring along the C&O Canal in the Maryland Ridge and Valley have rather sparse vegetation, with plants growing from crevices or on shallow soil on ledges. Woody vegetation is composed of stunted trees, with <i>Thuja occidentalis, Ostrya virginiana, Ulmus rubra</i>, and <i>Acer saccharum</i> most frequent. <i>Hydrangea arborescens</i> is a characteristic and frequent shrub, with <i>Ribes cynosbati</i> less constant. Scrambling vines of <i>Toxicodendron radicans</i> and/or <i>Parthenocissus quinquefolia</i> are often present. The most frequent herbaceous species are <i>Cystopteris bulbifera, Sedum ternatum, Aquilegia canadensis, Asplenium trichomanes, Asplenium rhizophyllum, Eurybia divaricata, Heuchera americana, Arabis laevigata, Arabis hirsuta, Pilea pumila, Polymnia canadensis, Solidago caesia</i>, and various herbaceous species of shaded, rocky limestone forests. <i>Pellaea atropurpurea</i> is occasionally present but is absent from many examples and is more characteristic of xeric calcareous cliffs in Maryland. |
Comm #2142
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Carya glabra - Fraxinus americana - Quercus prinus / Ostrya virginiana / Philadelphus hirsutus Woodland
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accession code: urn:lsid:vegbank.org:commConcept:33763-{33F1595F-8F68-4229-87E4-480540AB3DFC}
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NatureServe Biotics 2019 |
6
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Comm #2143
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Quercus texana - Celtis laevigata - Ulmus (americana, crassifolia) - (Gleditsia triacanthos) Floodplain Forest
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accession code: urn:lsid:vegbank.org:commConcept:33403-{21AC1AE2-EA48-428A-9D4F-C9166A78DECE}
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NatureServe Biotics 2019 |
6
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These are forests of large bottomlands, found in the Mississippi River Alluvial Plain, the Upper West Gulf Coastal Plain, the Upper East Gulf Coastal Plain, and possibly the East Gulf Coastal Plain, in Mississippi, Arkansas, and possibly Louisiana and other adjacent states. The canopy contains a variable mixture of <i>Quercus texana, Celtis laevigata, Ulmus americana</i>, and <i>Ulmus crassifolia</i>. Some stands may contain <i>Gleditsia triacanthos</i> in the canopy or subcanopy, but this tree has very brittle wood, and many specimens have been lost to storm and wind damage. Other associated species may include <i>Fraxinus pennsylvanica</i> and <i>Liquidambar styraciflua</i>. These forests are slightly higher in elevation than those dominated by <i>Quercus lyrata</i> and <i>Quercus texana</i>. More information is needed on the composition and distribution of this type. |
Comm #2144
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Typha (angustifolia, latifolia) - (Schoenoplectus spp.) Eastern Marsh
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accession code: urn:lsid:vegbank.org:commConcept:34801-{EC1EDC03-4D04-4C0E-A7E7-0F5A80A55E5C}
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NatureServe Biotics 2019 |
6
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These tall emergent marshes are common throughout the northeastern United States and adjacent Canadian provinces. They occur in permanently flooded basins, often as part of a larger wetland mosaic and associated with lakes, ponds, or slow-moving streams. The substrate is muck over mineral soil. Lacustrine cattail marshes typically have a muck-bottom zone bordering the shoreline, where cattails are rooted in the bottom substrate, and a floating mat zone, where the roots grow suspended in a buoyant peaty mat. Tall graminoids dominate the vegetation; scattered shrubs are often present (usually totaling less than 25% cover) and are frequently shorter than the graminoids. Trees are absent. Bryophyte cover varies and is rarely extensive; bryophytes are mostly confined to the hummocks. <i>Typha angustifolia, Typha latifolia</i>, or their hybrid <i>Typha x glauca</i> dominate, either alone or in combination with other tall emergent marsh species. Associated species vary widely; sedges, such as <i>Carex aquatilis, Carex lurida, Carex pellita, Carex rostrata, Carex stricta, Scirpus cyperinus</i>, and bulrushes, such as <i>Schoenoplectus americanus</i> and <i>Schoenoplectus acutus</i>, occur along with patchy grasses, such as <i>Calamagrostis canadensis</i>. Broad-leaved herbs include <i>Asclepias incarnata, Calla palustris, Impatiens capensis, Onoclea sensibilis, Sagittaria latifolia, Scutellaria lateriflora, Sparganium eurycarpum, Symplocarpus foetidus, Thelypteris palustris</i>, and <i>Verbena hastata</i>. Floating aquatics, such as <i>Lemna minor</i>, may be common in deeper zones. Shrub species vary across the geographic range of this type; in the northern part of its range, <i>Myrica gale, Ilex verticillata</i>, and <i>Spiraea alba</i> are common. The invasive exotic plants <i>Lythrum salicaria</i> and <i>Phragmites australis</i> may be abundant in parts of some occurrences. This association is distinguished from other northeastern freshwater marshes by the strong dominance of <i>Typha</i> spp. |
Comm #2145
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Schizachyrium scoparium - Sorghastrum nutans - Solidago juncea - Pycnanthemum tenuifolium Piedmont Grassland
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accession code: urn:lsid:vegbank.org:commConcept:35197-{31D29CD8-46E6-4712-B516-F84421AAA5DA}
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NatureServe Biotics 2019 |
6
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Comm #2146
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Quercus (rubra, alba, velutina) / Acer floridanum / Asimina triloba Forest
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accession code: urn:lsid:vegbank.org:commConcept:32915-{D3F4C91D-A056-4975-A367-6979A26216EB}
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NatureServe Biotics 2019 |
6
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This mesic oak forest occurs on rich, loessal soils of southern Crowley's Ridge, Arkansas, on narrow ridgetops and sideslopes. Examples are dominated by a variable combination of <i>Quercus alba, Quercus rubra</i>, and <i>Quercus velutina</i>. Drier stands on the southern portion of Crowley's Ridge, as indicated by the presence of <i>Quercus falcata</i> and <i>Quercus stellata</i>, are covered by other associations [see ~<i>Quercus stellata - Quercus falcata / Ostrya virginiana</i> Forest (CEGL004064)$$, ~<i>Quercus alba - Quercus falcata - Quercus velutina / Ostrya virginiana</i> Forest (CEGL004068)$$]. <i>Acer floridanum</i> and <i>Asimina triloba</i> are diagnostic species of this forest. The former is typically dominant in the subcanopy and the latter is abundant in the shrub layer. |
Comm #2147
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Pinus echinata / Schizachyrium scoparium Appalachian Woodland
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accession code: urn:lsid:vegbank.org:commConcept:32433-{8076D726-24A3-4AC4-ADBA-DF0C672CA1E1}
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NatureServe Biotics 2019 |
6
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These fire-maintained, shortleaf pine woodlands occurred historically in the Appalachian regions of Alabama, north through Georgia, Tennessee, and Kentucky on dry ridges and slopes or rock outcrops. Almost no intact examples are known to persist, although restoration efforts are underway in the Daniel Boone National Forest, Kentucky, the Chattahoochee National Forest, Georgia, and in Great Smoky Mountains National Park, Tennessee. Stands of these woodlands are dominated by <i>Pinus echinata</i>, with less than 25% cover by <i>Quercus</i> spp. They may contain an admixture of <i>Pinus virginiana</i> or <i>Pinus rigida</i>. The canopy can range from an open forest to woodland structure. The understory is open and dominated by graminoids and forbs. This community historically provided habitat for montane populations of red-cockaded woodpecker (<i>Picoides borealis</i>). More information is needed to characterize and distinguish this community. |
Comm #2148
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Taxodium distichum / Cephalanthus occidentalis / Boehmeria cylindrica - Ceratophyllum muricatum Maritime Swamp Forest
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accession code: urn:lsid:vegbank.org:commConcept:32925-{A93F8DF6-03AD-4CED-83FB-498EFC43F705}
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NatureServe Biotics 2019 |
6
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This association appears to be one of the most distinctive maritime swamps in the Atlantic Coastal Plain. It is currently known from a two sites in North Carolina and Virginia, both in wet dune swales on barrier islands. This example is a somewhat open forest with little to no understory or shrub layer present. The overstory is dominated by <i>Taxodium distichum</i> with lesser amounts of <i>Liquidambar styraciflua</i> and <i>Acer rubrum</i> also present. Woody vines are prominent in this association as in many maritime types of the region. |
Comm #2149
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Quercus geminata / Sabal etonia Forest
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accession code: urn:lsid:vegbank.org:commConcept:36647-{7794664F-2FBC-491D-8896-F4139EAEE519}
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NatureServe Biotics 2019 |
6
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This association occurs on xeric hammocks of Florida's Lake Wales Ridge on deep coarse sands. These forests are dominated by <i>Quercus geminata</i> with <i>Sabal etonia</i> as an important shrub. Other characteristic species include <i>Quercus myrtifolia, Serenoa repens, Lyonia ferruginea, Garberia heterophylla, Vaccinium stamineum, Cladonia evansii</i>, and <i>Morella cerifera</i>. Lichens are also important. |
Comm #2150
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Quercus pagoda - Carya cordiformis / Chasmanthium sessiliflorum - Verbesina virginica Forest
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accession code: urn:lsid:vegbank.org:commConcept:32938-{FC6A494B-D3A6-4A84-A752-55340C4BAA38}
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NatureServe Biotics 2019 |
6
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This mesic forest or woodland is described from the South Carolina Coastal Plain. It is associated with soils derived from calcareous materials. The canopy and subcanopy of the stand contains two distinct layers, with large emergent <i>Pinus taeda, Quercus pagoda, Carya cordiformis</i>, and <i>Liriodendron tulipifera</i> overtopping a denser subcanopy of <i>Carya</i> spp., <i>Cornus florida</i>, and <i>Liquidambar styraciflua</i>. A dominant shrub is <i>Callicarpa americana</i>. In addition to grasses, primarily <i>Chasmanthium sessiliflorum</i> and <i>Tridens flavus</i>, the herb layer codominance of tall <i>Verbesina</i> species (<i>Verbesina occidentalis, Verbesina virginica</i>) is striking. Other characteristic herbs (of higher nutrient conditions) include <i>Anemone virginiana, Agrimonia pubescens</i>, and <i>Pycnanthemum pycnanthemoides</i> (with high cover). |
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