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Comm #2231
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Schoenoplectus (tabernaemontani, acutus) Eastern Marsh
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accession code: urn:lsid:vegbank.org:commConcept:34922-{97D2DF10-B771-4A23-BDB7-B6BF39AA4E01}
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NatureServe Biotics 2019 |
5
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These deepwater bulrush marshes occur across the northeastern United States and adjacent Canadian provinces. They are found in a variety of wetland settings, most commonly in quiet-water areas along the shores of ponds, lakes, rivers, and larger streams, but also in flooded basins and ditches. The vegetation occurs in deep water (usually 0.4-1 m deep) that is present in all but the driest of conditions. Seasonal spring flooding and heavy rainstorms provide nutrient input. The substrate is usually deep muck overlying mineral soil; where wave action is more prevalent, the mineral soil may be exposed. The vegetation is dominated by bulrushes and robust graminoids, with scattered emergent forbs. Trees and shrubs are absent. Dominant species are usually <i>Schoenoplectus acutus, Schoenoplectus tabernaemontani</i>, and/or <i>Schoenoplectus americanus</i>. Associated herbs include <i>Scirpus cyperinus, Carex aquatilis, Carex pellita, Carex utriculata, Thelypteris palustris, Typha latifolia, Asclepias incarnata, Impatiens capensis, Pontederia cordata, Sagittaria latifolia, Bolboschoenus fluviatilis, Scutellaria lateriflora, Verbena hastata, Leersia oryzoides, Ludwigia palustris</i>, and others. Floating-leaved and submerged plants (such as <i>Potamogeton</i> spp., <i>Sparganium</i> spp., <i>Elodea canadensis, Ceratophyllum</i> spp.) may be scattered among the emergent plants. This association is distinguished from other northeastern standing-water marsh communities by the strong dominance of tall bulrush species. |
Comm #2232
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Picea mariana / Kalmia angustifolia Woodland
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accession code: urn:lsid:vegbank.org:commConcept:34939-{49B532DF-9DDD-41A3-989C-4AD46862A399}
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NatureServe Biotics 2019 |
5
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This black spruce woodland of east coastal Maine and adjacent maritime Canada occurs on rock outcrops and headlands. Soils are acidic, thin and patchy, composed of organic duff over sand or loam, with exposed bedrock common. The open and stunted tree canopy overlies a well-developed dwarf-shrub layer. (Rarely, the canopy may be more closed, up to 85% cover.) A few taller shrubs or small trees may be present. The herb layer is sparse, and the bryoid layer is patchy and may be locally extensive, with prominent reindeer lichens. The canopy is strongly dominated by <i>Picea mariana</i>, with occasional associates including <i>Picea rubens, Pinus strobus</i>, or <i>Abies balsamea</i>. The dwarf-shrub layer is characterized by <i>Kalmia angustifolia, Vaccinium angustifolium</i>, and <i>Gaylussacia baccata</i> with other associates including <i>Picea mariana</i> and <i>Aronia melanocarpa</i>. Other dwarf-shrubs may include <i>Empetrum nigrum, Vaccinium vitis-idaea, Gaultheria hispidula</i>, or <i>Morella pensylvanica</i>. The herbaceous layer is composed mostly of <i>Pteridium aquilinum</i> and <i>Cornus canadensis</i>. The bryophyte layer is characterized by <i>Cladonia</i> lichens as well as <i>Pleurozium schreberi, Polytrichum commune, Dicranum polysetum</i>, and <i>Leucobryum glaucum</i>. |
Comm #2233
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Deschampsia cespitosa - Vernonia noveboracensis Serpentine Seep
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accession code: urn:lsid:vegbank.org:commConcept:34962-{52F8A4E4-E9D0-41F5-B206-6AE10CB09A6B}
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NatureServe Biotics 2019 |
5
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This serpentine wetland community occurs in groundwater seep areas of low slope (1-3°) and variable aspect in Chester County, Pennsylvania. Soils are typically very wet (saturated) clay loams and sapric peats (muck) derived from serpentine bedrock. Soil depth is generally greater than 30 cm and can exceed 60 cm. This community is very open with woody plants limited to occasional trees, typically <i>Acer rubrum</i> along the wetland edge and scattered <i>Alnus serrulata</i> within the wetland. The dominant herbaceous species is <i>Deschampsia cespitosa</i>. Other important herbaceous species include <i>Leersia oryzoides, Sorghastrum nutans, Juncus tenuis, Vernonia noveboracensis</i>, and <i>Dichanthelium clandestinum</i>. |
Comm #2234
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Tsuga canadensis - Acer rubrum - (Nyssa sylvatica) / Rhododendron maximum / Sphagnum spp. Seep Forest
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accession code: urn:lsid:vegbank.org:commConcept:35755-{12B655CE-3BE3-49BF-B58F-4450FF783B22}
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NatureServe Biotics 2019 |
5
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This palustrine forest has a closed or open canopy and an open to dense shrub layer, interspersed with small <i>Sphagnum</i>-herb dominated depressions. These forests are found throughout the Southern Blue Ridge, and in the Cumberland Mountains and Cumberland Plateau, at elevations below 1200 m (4000 feet), in poorly drained bottomlands, generally with visible microtopography of ridges and sloughs or depressions. It often occurs near streams and is undoubtedly occasionally flooded. The canopy is composed of various mixtures of evergreen and deciduous species, often dominated by <i>Tsuga canadensis</i> and <i>Acer rubrum</i>, and less often by <i>Liriodendron tulipifera, Nyssa sylvatica, Pinus strobus</i>, or <i>Pinus rigida</i>. The dominant shrubs are usually <i>Rhododendron maximum, Kalmia latifolia</i>, and <i>Leucothoe fontanesiana</i>, but other shrubs include <i>Salix nigra, Alnus serrulata, Ilex montana, Cornus amomum, Viburnum nudum var. cassinoides</i>, and <i>Toxicodendron vernix</i>. Herbs in <i>Sphagnum</i>-herb dominated openings include <i>Solidago patula var. patula, Symphyotrichum puniceum, Dalibarda repens, Osmunda cinnamomea, Carex folliculata, Carex gynandra, Carex scabrata, Carex leptalea, Carex stricta, Sarracenia purpurea, Sagittaria latifolia</i>, and <i>Leersia virginica</i>. Herbs in the forested areas include <i>Glyceria melicaria, Lycopodium obscurum, Onoclea sensibilis, Maianthemum canadense, Thelypteris noveboracensis</i>, and <i>Osmunda regalis var. spectabilis</i>. |
Comm #2235
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Schizachyrium scoparium - (Andropogon virginicus) - Solidago spp. Ruderal Meadow
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accession code: urn:lsid:vegbank.org:commConcept:34979-{C64B9F84-F46D-40FC-98FF-5AAFF1CF6D87}
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NatureServe Biotics 2019 |
5
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This broadly defined vegetation type includes old fields of well-drained soils, either sandy or shallow to bedrock. They are characterized by dominance of warm-season grasses. <i>Schizachyrium scoparium</i> is characteristic and nearly always present. Species composition is variable, depending on land-use history, but in general this vegetation is quite wide-ranging in northeastern and midwestern states. In addition to the nominal species, other associates may include <i>Andropogon virginicus, Eragrostis spectabilis, Festuca rubra, Deschampsia flexuosa, Danthonia spicata, Nuttallanthus canadensis, Rubus flagellaris, Panicum virgatum, Dichanthelium depauperatum, Potentilla simplex, Dichanthelium meridionale, Dichanthelium dichotomum, Solidago rugosa</i>, and <i>Carex pensylvanica</i>. Scattered shrubs are often present, including <i>Comptonia peregrina, Morella pensylvanica, Gaylussacia baccata</i>, and scattered tree saplings, such as <i>Prunus serotina, Sassafras albidum</i>, and <i>Juniperus virginiana</i>. <i>Polytrichum juniperinum</i> and other <i>Polytrichum</i> spp. are common bryophytes. |
Comm #2236
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Alnus (incana ssp. rugosa, serrulata) - Cornus amomum Tidal Shrub Swamp
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accession code: urn:lsid:vegbank.org:commConcept:34983-{42975631-2BD8-4930-AE38-F2071C1891B0}
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NatureServe Biotics 2019 |
5
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This type comprises tidal freshwater, or perhaps also oligohaline, shrublands dominated by <i>Alnus serrulata</i> and/or <i>Alnus incana ssp. rugosa</i>. It is found in coastal areas with tidally-influenced river systems in the North Atlantic. Floodwaters are typically slightly acidic (pH less than 5) and soils are usually mineral without significant peat deposits. In some examples one or both of these may be characteristically dominant or nearly so. Other examples may be more semi-open with a mixed canopy of <i>Alnus</i> with other shrubs such as <i>Cornus amomum, Rosa palustris, Ilex verticillata, Viburnum dentatum, Clethra alnifolia</i>, and <i>Lindera benzoin</i>. Other woody plants which may be present include <i>Sambucus nigra ssp. canadensis, Salix</i> spp., <i>Amorpha fruticosa, Cephalanthus occidentalis, Decodon verticillatus, Toxicodendron vernix</i>, and <i>Toxicodendron radicans</i>. More northern examples may contain <i>Viburnum recognitum</i> and <i>Spiraea alba var. latifolia</i>. Some shrub associates include <i>Decodon verticillatus</i> and <i>Toxicodendron vernix</i>; some herbaceous associates are <i>Osmunda regalis var. spectabilis, Thelypteris palustris var. pubescens, Galium</i> spp., <i>Onoclea sensibilis, Polygonum punctatum, Apios americana, Typha latifolia, Peltandra virginica, Pontederia cordata, Mikania scandens, Symphyotrichum novi-belgii, Boehmeria cylindrica, Impatiens capensis, Triadenum walteri, Asclepias incarnata, Carex atlantica ssp. atlantica, Platanthera clavellata</i>, and <i>Xyris torta</i>. <i>Carex stricta</i> may also be present, and there is a great deal of micro-relief (tussocks and furrows) leading to high species diversity. |
Comm #2237
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Pinus virginiana - Quercus falcata - Carya pallida Forest
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accession code: urn:lsid:vegbank.org:commConcept:34999-{308E1AA4-7521-4071-B37F-11C0D826811E}
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NatureServe Biotics 2019 |
5
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This xeric pine forest of the central Atlantic Coastal Plain occurs on inland sand dune ridges. <i>Pinus virginiana</i> is codominant with a variety of oak species, including <i>Quercus falcata, Quercus nigra, Quercus alba, Quercus stellata</i>, and <i>Quercus velutina</i>. <i>Carya pallida</i> and <i>Carya tomentosa</i> can also occur. Other canopy and subcanopy associates may include <i>Sassafras albidum, Pinus taeda, Quercus montana, Quercus marilandica, Prunus serotina, Cornus florida, Nyssa sylvatica</i>, and <i>Diospyros virginiana</i>. The shrub layer may include <i>Gaylussacia frondosa, Ilex opaca, Vaccinium pallidum, Gaylussacia baccata, Kalmia angustifolia, Comptonia peregrina</i>, and <i>Vaccinium stamineum</i>. The herbaceous layer is generally sparse, but is more abundant in openings. Characteristic herbs may include <i>Cypripedium acaule, Carex tonsa, Carex nigromarginata, Carex albicans, Carex albicans var. emmonsii, Tephrosia virginiana, Tephrosia spicata, Dichanthelium commutatum, Dichanthelium ovale, Chimaphila maculata, Melampyrum lineare</i>, and <i>Mitchella repens</i>. Less frequent species may include <i>Euphorbia ipecacuanhae, Baptisia tinctoria, Lupinus perennis, Pteridium aquilinum, Chimaphila umbellata, Monotropa uniflora</i>, and <i>Desmodium strictum</i>. Lichens of the genus <i>Cladonia</i> are common. Vines such as <i>Smilax glauca, Smilax rotundifolia, Parthenocissus quinquefolia</i>, and <i>Vitis rotundifolia</i> are common at low cover. |
Comm #2238
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Betula pumila - Toxicodendron vernix - Dasiphora fruticosa Fen
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accession code: urn:lsid:vegbank.org:commConcept:35005-{47D5A2DE-8F50-4B5F-8481-FE0D6B27F6EF}
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NatureServe Biotics 2019 |
5
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This shrub fen association is characterized by a dense mixture of shrubs 1.5-2 m tall in deep muck, often in standing water 15 cm (6 inches) or more deep, in limestone regions of Lower New England / Northern Piedmont. It receives regular inundation and surface flooding. This association is most typically found on lakeshores but may also be found at streamsides. Characteristic shrubs are <i>Betula pumila, Salix candida, Toxicodendron vernix, Rosa palustris, Alnus incana, Alnus serrulata, Viburnum dentatum, Viburnum nudum, Viburnum lentago, Viburnum opulus var. americanum</i>, as well as <i>Dasiphora fruticosa ssp. floribunda</i>, which reaches 1 m in height. Herbaceous associates are few and sparsely distributed, and include <i>Galium trifidum, Carex stricta, Carex lacustris, Calamagrostis canadensis, Campanula aparinoides</i>, and <i>Lysimachia thyrsiflora</i>. Scattered individuals of <i>Acer rubrum</i> saplings are also typical. |
Comm #2239
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Quercus velutina - Quercus coccinea - Quercus montana / Kalmia latifolia Forest
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accession code: urn:lsid:vegbank.org:commConcept:35018-{2249C3AE-4207-4032-AC92-15C161DF5B6D}
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NatureServe Biotics 2019 |
5
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This association comprises coastal oak-laurel forests occurring on sandy and gravelly soils on convex slopes. Characteristic dominants are <i>Quercus coccinea, Quercus velutina, Quercus montana</i>, and <i>Quercus alba</i>. Pines (<i>Pinus rigida, Pinus echinata</i>, or <i>Pinus virginiana</i>) may be present at low cover in some examples. <i>Kalmia latifolia</i> is the dominant shrub forming extensive, dense patches, with other ericaceous shrubs such as <i>Vaccinium pallidum, Vaccinium stamineum</i>, and <i>Gaylussacia baccata</i> contributing low cover. The herbaceous layer is sparse due to the dense <i>Kalmia latifolia</i> and may include <i>Pteridium aquilinum, Gaultheria procumbens, Carex pensylvanica</i>, and <i>Carex albicans</i>.<br /><br />In New Jersey, oak-pine (and oak) forests with a dense mountain laurel shrub stratum are found on sandy, loamy or ironstone-derived soils on slopes and hilltops in the peripheral Pinelands/Outer Coastal Plain and Inner Coastal Plain. The forests often have a closed to partially-closed canopy characterized by dry-site oaks such as <i>Quercus montana, Quercus velutina, Quercus coccinea</i>, and <i>Quercus alba</i>. Tree oak cover is typically 50-100%, and shrub oaks are rare or absent. Associate canopy and midstory species can include <i>Pinus rigida, Pinus echinata</i>, and/or <i>Pinus virginiana</i>, with covers typically 5-10% (up to 25%). Other canopy and midstory associates can include minor amounts of <i>Sassafras albidum</i>. Fire-sensitive hardwoods such as <i>Fagus grandifolia, Acer rubrum, Nyssa sylvatica</i>, and <i>Ilex opaca</i> are sometimes present with minor covers (<1-5%), especially as young trees and saplings, but not with enough cover to classify within OH and OPHH subgroups. Dense <i>Kalmia latifolia</i> dominates the shrub layer, often with other heath shrubs present, such as <i>Gaylussacia baccata, Gaylussacia frondosa</i>, and <i>Vaccinium pallidum</i>. Herbs are sparse but may include <i>Gaultheria procumbens</i> and <i>Melampyrum lineare</i>. There is a related type or variant of OPM with little or no pine [see oak-mountain laurel mesic forest (OEM)]. |
Comm #2240
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Quercus coccinea - Quercus velutina / Sassafras albidum / Vaccinium pallidum Forest
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accession code: urn:lsid:vegbank.org:commConcept:35019-{8F42B510-490E-4C73-8405-E8DEE2240832}
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NatureServe Biotics 2019 |
5
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This dry coastal and coastal plain oak-heath forest of New England and the northeastern Coastal Plain occurs on rapidly drained, nutrient-poor, sandy or gravelly soils. North of the glacial border, these soils are typically found on till or outwash. The canopy is dominated by <i>Quercus coccinea, Quercus velutina</i>, and <i>Quercus alba</i>, the latter species particularly characteristic of gravel substrates. Other less abundant canopy associates include <i>Quercus prinus, Betula lenta</i>, and <i>Ilex opaca</i> (usually less than 15% cover). <i>Pinus rigida</i> is a common associate but occurs at low cover. <i>Sassafras albidum</i> may occur in low cover and may indicate influence by coastal (but not maritime) climate where this type occurs. <i>Castanea dentata</i> saplings can be common. A 'lawn-like' dwarf-shrub heath layer dominated by <i>Vaccinium pallidum, Vaccinium angustifolium</i>, and <i>Gaylussacia baccata</i> is characteristic. <i>Gaylussacia frondosa</i> also occurs in some stands. The herbaceous layer is typically sparse, with <i>Carex pensylvanica, Pteridium aquilinum</i>, and <i>Gaultheria procumbens</i> being the most common. Herb diversity is greater in small canopy gaps, where <i>Helianthemum canadense, Tephrosia virginiana, Aureolaria</i> spp., <i>Lespedeza</i> spp., <i>Lechea</i> spp., and <i>Arctostaphylos uva-ursi</i> occur.<br /><br />In New Jersey, this type ranges throughout the Coastal Plain and the central Pinelands. It includes oak-pine forests with a low heath stratum, found on sandy to loamy soils in the Pinelands. The forests often have a closed to partially-closed canopy characterized by dry-site oaks such as <i>Quercus coccinea, Quercus velutina, Quercus alba, Quercus prinus</i>, and <i>Quercus stellata</i>. Tree oak cover is typically 50-100%, and shrub oaks are rare or absent. Associate canopy species include <i>Pinus rigida</i> and/or <i>Pinus echinata</i>, with covers typically 5-10% (up to 25%). <i>Sassafras albidum</i> is often present in small amounts in the canopy and midstory. Fire-sensitive hardwoods and holly are absent. Low heath shrubs include <i>Gaylussacia baccata, Gaylussacia frondosa</i>, and <i>Vaccinium pallidum</i>, while some areas can have <i>Kalmia latifolia</i> joining the shrub layer. Herbs are sparse but often include <i>Pteridium aquilinum, Gaultheria procumbens</i> and <i>Melampyrum lineare</i>, with <i>Tephrosia virginiana</i> and <i>Carex pensylvanica</i> in openings. |
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