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Comm #2661
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Juniperus virginiana / Morella pensylvanica Woodland
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accession code: urn:lsid:vegbank.org:commConcept:34859-{1DC8724E-BC9C-4FB4-944F-50366F19AC8E}
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NatureServe Biotics 2019 |
4
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This maritime woodland community dominated by <i>Juniperus virginiana</i> occurs on sand dunes, upper edges of salt marshes, and less commonly on rocky headlands of the northern and mid-Atlantic coast from Delaware to Massachusetts. The physiognomy of this association is variable, ranging from dense tall-shrub thickets to open woodlands; trees are generally shorter than 4 m. Canopy trees are stunted and salt-pruned. <i>Juniperus virginiana</i> may form pure stands, but more often grows in association with <i>Pinus rigida, Quercus stellata, Prunus serotina, Amelanchier canadensis, Ilex opaca, Celtis occidentalis</i>, or <i>Quercus velutina</i>, which tend to have low percent cover. In the southern portion of the range <i>Pinus taeda, Quercus falcata, Sassafras albidum, Diospyros virginiana</i>, and <i>Quercus phellos</i> can be infrequent canopy associates. A shrub layer may be well-developed where the canopy is more open and include <i>Morella pensylvanica, Morella cerifera</i> (at the southern end of the range), <i>Juniperus communis, Baccharis halimifolia, Iva frutescens, Prunus maritima</i>, or <i>Vaccinium corymbosum</i>. Vines can be dense in the shrub layer and extend into the canopy; species include <i>Toxicodendron radicans, Smilax rotundifolia, Smilax glauca</i>, and <i>Parthenocissus quinquefolia</i>. Herbs are usually patchily distributed in openings and include many species from the surrounding dune associations among others. They include <i>Opuntia humifusa, Dichanthelium ovale, Schizachyrium scoparium, Deschampsia flexuosa, Cyperus grayi, Polygonella articulata, Hieracium gronovii, Panicum amarum var. amarulum, Solidago sempervirens, Panicum virgatum, Spartina patens</i>, and <i>Lechea intermedia</i>. |
Comm #2662
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Quercus palustris - (Quercus bicolor) - Acer rubrum / Vaccinium corymbosum / Osmunda cinnamomea Wet Forest
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accession code: urn:lsid:vegbank.org:commConcept:34887-{19D13CA4-DC00-4CD8-8ECB-CF5C4CA6269B}
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NatureServe Biotics 2019 |
4
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This association comprises a perched hardwood swamp occurring in the northeastern United States from New Hampshire to Virginia. These are closed to partially open, deciduous, seasonally flooded forests. They occur in basin areas that are seasonally wet (winter and early spring) with a shallow, perched water table, but tend to be dry in late summer and early fall. There is usually pronounced hummock-and-hollow microtopography. They are found on sandy loams or clayey soils of glacial lakeplains, or on soils with impermeable subsoils in unglaciated regions. There is generally some layer that impedes drainage. The canopy is codominated by <i>Quercus palustris</i> and/or <i>Quercus bicolor</i> and <i>Acer rubrum</i>. Common associates include <i>Nyssa sylvatica</i> and occasionally <i>Tsuga canadensis</i> or <i>Carya</i> spp. The shrub layer may be sparse or dense and contains <i>Ilex verticillata, Vaccinium corymbosum, Viburnum dentatum, Cephalanthus occidentalis</i>, and <i>Kalmia angustifolia</i>. The sparse herb layer may include <i>Osmunda cinnamomea, Scirpus cyperinus, Thelypteris palustris, Thelypteris simulata, Carex frankii, Glyceria striata, Isoetes</i> spp., <i>Carex crinita, Onoclea sensibilis</i>, and <i>Osmunda regalis</i>. |
Comm #2663
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Spiraea alba var. latifolia - Cornus racemosa / Calamagrostis canadensis - Sanguisorba canadensis - Carex scoparia Seepage Shrubland
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accession code: urn:lsid:vegbank.org:commConcept:34896-{B6FF670F-4823-475F-9C87-CC28FC436FBF}
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NatureServe Biotics 2019 |
4
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This saturated wetland occurs on soils weathered from Catoctin metabasalt (greenstone), a mafic metamorphic rock. The type is associated with sublevel headwater seepages on a broad summit of the northern Blue Ridge in Page and Madison counties, Virginia (vicinity of Big Meadows, Shenandoah National Park). Microtopography is typically irregular, and soils are strongly to slightly acidic, with high magnesium and iron levels and moderately low calcium content. The physiognomy of this vegetation type ranges from dense to open shrublands to wholly herbaceous but is usually a patch-mosaic of shrub thickets and herbaceous openings. <i>Spiraea alba var. latifolia</i> and <i>Cornus racemosa</i> are the typical woody dominants. In some areas, <i>Betula populifolia</i> forms a sparse tree layer 6-10 m tall. Other shrubs documented in the type are <i>Ilex verticillata, Lyonia ligustrina var. ligustrina, Aronia melanocarpa</i>, and sapling-sized <i>Acer rubrum</i>. <i>Calamagrostis canadensis, Sanguisorba canadensis</i>, and <i>Carex scoparia</i> are patch-dominant herbs common to all known occurrences of the type. Other characteristic herbaceous species are <i>Carex buxbaumii, Carex lurida, Epilobium leptophyllum, Glyceria striata, Iris versicolor, Isoetes valida, Juncus effusus var. solutus, Juncus subcaudatus var. subcaudatus, Lycopus virginicus, Oxypolis rigidior, Packera aurea, Scirpus cyperinus, Solidago rugosa</i>, and <i>Thelypteris palustris var. pubescens</i>. Herbs that are inconstant but locally abundant in the type include <i>Caltha palustris, Carex conoidea, Carex echinata ssp. echinata, Carex gynandra</i>, and <i>Menyanthes trifoliata</i>. The processes that maintain this vegetation in open condition are poorly understood. All of the documented occurrences are small and have been disturbed to some degree by grazing and/or adjacent clearing. Ditching and groundwater alterations from a large well serving the Big Meadows Campground, deer grazing, non-native weeds, woody succession, and probably fire exclusion are continuing threats to this naturally rare wetland. |
Comm #2664
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Chamaecyparis thyoides / Narthecium americanum - Sarracenia purpurea - Drosera filiformis / Sphagnum pulchrum Swamp Woodland
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accession code: urn:lsid:vegbank.org:commConcept:34910-{637BC4EF-1691-4966-82FF-CD4ECEBE145A}
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NatureServe Biotics 2019 |
4
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This woody herbaceous community occurs in the Pine Barrens of New Jersey on the floodplains of Outer Coastal Plain rivers and streams. It is often found in expanses or as part of a mosaic of herbaceous and woody herbaceous savanna. Microtopography is tussocky, with dwarf Atlantic white-cedar on the low graminoid tussocks and a remarkable diversity of herbaceous and bryophyte species on the hummocks and in the hollows. The visual impression of this community is a wet meadow with abundant yellow flowers (spring) or orange fruit (summer) of bog asphodel and clusters of dwarf-shrubs. This community is stable in undisturbed sites as well as historically disturbed sites on a variety of substrates including peat, bog iron muck, or quartzite sand. Dominant species include <i>Chamaecyparis thyoides, Narthecium americanum, Sarracenia purpurea, Drosera filiformis</i>, and <i>Sphagnum pulchrum</i>. Associated dwarf woody species include <i>Pinus rigida, Gaylussacia dumosa, Ilex glabra, Kalmia angustifolia, Morella pensylvanica</i>, and <i>Vaccinium macrocarpon</i>. Associated herbaceous species include <i>Agalinis purpurea, Agrostis perennans, Andropogon glomeratus var. glomeratus, Oclemena nemoralis, Symphyotrichum novi-belgii, Calamagrostis pickeringii, Calopogon tuberosus, Carex exilis, Carex livida, Cladium mariscoides, Danthonia epilis, Eriocaulon aquaticum, Eriocaulon decangulare, Eriophorum virginicum, Juncus pelocarpus, Lobelia nuttallii, Muhlenbergia uniflora, Nymphaea odorata, Dichanthelium dichotomum var. ensifolium, Pogonia ophioglossoides, Polygala cruciata, Rhynchospora alba, Rhynchospora cephalantha, Rhynchospora gracilenta, Rhynchospora oligantha, Sabatia difformis, Scleria reticularis, Triantha racemosa, Utricularia cornuta, Utricularia juncea</i>, and <i>Utricularia subulata</i>. Associated fern and fern-like species include <i>Schizaea pusilla, Lycopodiella alopecuroides</i>, and <i>Lycopodiella caroliniana</i>. Associated bryophytes include <i>Sphagnum bartlettianum, Sphagnum magellanicum</i>, and <i>Sphagnum portoricense</i>. Associated animals include ants and praying mantis. |
Comm #2665
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Myrica gale - Chamaedaphne calyculata / Carex (lasiocarpa, utriculata) - Utricularia spp. Fen
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accession code: urn:lsid:vegbank.org:commConcept:34949-{4086131B-A7F8-4B6D-A29A-6EB2E2AB9475}
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NatureServe Biotics 2019 |
4
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This fen vegetation is found in peatlands and peaty lakesides of the northeastern United States. It occurs in acidic waters receiving weakly minerotrophic input from surface water inflow or seepage from surrounding uplands. The substrate may be flooded at high water, and remains saturated through the growing season. pH is acidic to circumneutral, 4.8-6.8. Tall, rhizomatous sedges dominate the vegetation, with shrubs often shorter than the graminoids. Bryophyte cover is variable. Scattered shrubs of <i>Alnus incana</i> and <i>Spiraea alba</i> may protrude above the graminoid cover; shorter shrubs such as <i>Myrica gale, Andromeda polifolia var. glaucophylla, Vaccinium macrocarpon</i>, and <i>Chamaedaphne calyculata</i> grow among the sedges. The dominant sedges are usually <i>Carex lasiocarpa</i> or <i>Carex utriculata</i>; associates include <i>Carex oligosperma, Carex exilis, Carex vesicaria, Carex limosa, Carex canescens, Carex lacustris, Carex stricta</i> (non-tussock form), <i>Carex oligosperma, Rhynchospora alba, Calamagrostis canadensis, Cladium mariscoides, Eriophorum angustifolium, Eriophorum virginicum</i>, and <i>Dulichium arundinaceum</i>. Forbs include <i>Lysimachia terrestris, Triadenum virginicum, Osmunda regalis, Comarum palustre, Drosera intermedia, Utricularia intermedia</i>, and <i>Pogonia ophioglossoides</i>. The bryophyte layer is dominated by species of <i>Sphagnum</i>, including <i>Sphagnum fallax, Sphagnum papillosum, Sphagnum cuspidatum, Sphagnum fimbriatum, Sphagnum centrale, Sphagnum lescurii</i>, and others. This fen vegetation is distinguished by the dominance of <i>Carex lasiocarpa</i> and the absence of any richness indicators such as <i>Dasiphora fruticosa ssp. floribunda</i>. |
Comm #2666
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Quercus phellos - Quercus similis / Crataegus marshallii - Crataegus spathulata / Chasmanthium laxum Wet Forest
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accession code: urn:lsid:vegbank.org:commConcept:35610-{1D0DA2D6-563B-430F-8099-F2C43DF8FC13}
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NatureServe Biotics 2019 |
4
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This West Gulf Coastal Plain flatwoods forest is dominated by <i>Quercus phellos</i> and <i>Quercus similis</i>. It occurs over somewhat poorly drained, predominantly acidic, silt loams overlying clays on secondary or "high" stream terraces deposited during the Pleistocene. These sites are periodically flooded and ponded with standing water, but overbank flooding occurs only rarely. This type is known from Louisiana and Texas, and may occur in southwestern Arkansas. <i>Pinus taeda</i> often occurs along the periphery of most examples and may be a significant component of the canopy in disturbed examples. Several species of <i>Crataegus</i>, including <i>Crataegus viridis, Crataegus opaca, Crataegus marshallii, Crataegus spathulata</i>, and <i>Crataegus brachyacantha</i>, are characteristic of both the subcanopy and understory. The understory of this community is typically patchy, with large open spaces occurring between dense patches of shrubs. The short-shrub stratum is often characterized by <i>Sabal minor</i>. The cover of the ground layer is typically sparse but ranges from 50-75% cover in areas with shorter hydroperiods. It is often characterized and dominated by <i>Chasmanthium laxum</i>. Some of the soils on which this community occurs, including the Guyton, Diboll, and Fuller series, are Natraqualfs (i.e., soils with high salt content). |
Comm #2667
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Abies fraseri / (Rhododendron catawbiense, Rhododendron carolinianum) Forest
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accession code: urn:lsid:vegbank.org:commConcept:34955-{58629D97-6B8A-47C7-AC14-A5D563DEE83A}
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NatureServe Biotics 2019 |
4
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This community occurs as island-like stands in the southern Appalachian Mountains of eastern Tennessee, and western North Carolina. It occurs on rocky spurs, steep ridges, and south-facing slopes above 1830 m (6000 feet) elevation, often adjacent to montane shrublands. This forest has a canopy strongly dominated by <i>Abies fraseri</i>, occurring over a shrub stratum dominated by evergreen species, typically <i>Rhododendron catawbiense, Rhododendron carolinianum</i>, or <i>Rhododendron maximum</i>. <i>Abies fraseri</i> in the canopy are 17-23 cm in diameter and 10-11 m tall, giving these forests a stunted appearance. Other species that may occur with low coverage in the canopy or subcanopy are <i>Picea rubens, Sorbus americana, Betula alleghaniensis, Prunus pensylvanica</i>. Herbaceous cover is typically sparse. On steep, rocky, northerly slopes, coverage by mosses, liverworts, and lichens can approach 100%. Bryophyte species include <i>Hylocomium splendens, Ptilium crista-castrensis, Sphagnum</i> spp., and <i>Polytrichum ohioense</i>. This forest may grade into forests dominated by <i>Picea rubens</i> and <i>Abies fraseri</i>, montane grasslands, high-elevation shrublands, or high-elevation rock outcrop communities. |
Comm #2668
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Pinus echinata Ruderal Forest
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accession code: urn:lsid:vegbank.org:commConcept:34973-{70172C2F-C3CD-41F3-AFE6-254BC869750E}
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NatureServe Biotics 2019 |
4
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This association represents early-successional <i>Pinus echinata</i>-dominated vegetation. This broadly defined type has a wide distribution throughout the native range of <i>Pinus echinata</i> where it may develop under a variety of circumstances associated with severe natural and/or anthropogenic disturbance. It is most frequently associated with abandoned agricultural land, unmanaged clearcuts, and burned or heavily eroded areas, where adjacent <i>Pinus echinata</i> are able to seed into the newly disturbed area and colonize before other species such as <i>Pinus taeda</i>. These are considered ruderal forests as they typically result from anthropogenic disturbances that fundamentally alter the vegetation structure, floristic composition, and often the physical and chemical structure of the soil. Vegetation tends to be dense with a moderately to extremely barren understory. While <i>Pinus echinata</i> is clearly the single most dominant tree, other "old-field" <i>Pinus</i> species (e.g., <i>Pinus taeda, Pinus virginiana</i>) and/or other early-successional deciduous trees (e.g., <i>Acer rubrum, Liquidambar styraciflua, Liriodendron tulipifera</i>) may also be present. Associated woody and herbaceous species vary with geography but are typically ruderal or exotic species. As these forests age, mid-successional species such as <i>Quercus</i> spp. and <i>Carya</i> spp. may begin to replace senescent <i>Pinus echinata</i> individuals. |
Comm #2669
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Pinus rigida / Gaylussacia dumosa / Calamovilfa brevipilis Swamp Woodland
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accession code: urn:lsid:vegbank.org:commConcept:35032-{A288AD0E-F13D-447A-8600-D6C281266A78}
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NatureServe Biotics 2019 |
4
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This pitch pine saturated woodland is currently known only from the New Jersey Pine Barrens. The community is characterized by an open canopy (10-50%) of <i>Pinus rigida</i> with a scattered shrub layer characterized by <i>Gaylussacia dumosa</i>, in association with <i>Gaylussacia baccata, Kalmia angustifolia, Ilex glabra, Vaccinium corymbosum</i>, and <i>Chamaedaphne calyculata</i>. <i>Sphagnum</i> mosses are common. The herbaceous is characterized by high cover of <i>Calamovilfa brevipilis</i>. Associated herbs are varied in cover and frequency, but may include <i>Andropogon glomeratus, Gentiana autumnalis, Muhlenbergia torreyana</i>, and <i>Amphicarpum purshii</i>. The rare lepidoptera <i>Agrotis buchholzi, Photedes carterae</i>, and <i>Crambus daeckellus</i> are associated with this community. |
Comm #2670
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Hydrangea arborescens / Sedum ternatum - Polypodium virginianum Cliff Shrubland
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accession code: urn:lsid:vegbank.org:commConcept:35117-{DA4CBC39-DC92-4303-AE66-D4F5E35949BD}
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NatureServe Biotics 2019 |
4
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This association is currently known only from the Potomac River drainage in the Piedmont Triassic Basin of Virginia and Maryland and the adjacent Blue Ridge of Virginia. It occupies cliff-faces weathered from siltstone, shale, calcareous sandstone, and metabasalt. Sites subtend rivers and large streams, where progressive stream incision through resistant strata has formed escarpments of exposed bedrock. All of the documented cliffs have northerly aspects and are partly to heavily shaded by overhanging trees or trees growing in the cliff-base floodplains. Microhabitat conditions are characterized by vertical to very steep faces, with much exposed bedrock, numerous fissures and shelves, and considerable local deposition of organic-rich, colluvial soil material. Vegetation cover ranges from sparse or somewhat sparse (5-20% vascular cover) on the most massive cliffs, to moderately dense (20-50% vascular cover) on other examples. Saplings and stunted trees of <i>Fraxinus americana, Ostrya virginiana, Tsuga canadensis, Ulmus rubra, Ulmus americana, Acer saccharum, Acer nigrum, Tilia americana, Juniperus virginiana var. virginiana, Carpinus caroliniana, Quercus rubra</i>, and <i>Quercus montana</i> may occur on the cliff-faces. <i>Hydrangea arborescens</i> is a characteristic and sometimes abundant shrub, while <i>Toxicodendron radicans</i> and <i>Parthenocissus quinquefolia</i> are constant vines. Less constant shrubs include <i>Physocarpus opulifolius, Ptelea trifoliata, Hamamelis virginiana</i>, and <i>Viburnum acerifolium</i>. Characteristic herbaceous species include <i>Polypodium virginianum</i> (locally abundant), <i>Sedum ternatum</i> (locally abundant), <i>Symphyotrichum cordifolium</i> (locally abundant), <i>Dryopteris marginalis, Pilea pumila, Asplenium trichomanes, Woodsia obtusa ssp. obtusa, Aquilegia canadensis, Saxifraga virginiensis, Eurybia divaricata, Asplenium rhizophyllum, Ageratina altissima, Carex communis, Carex platyphylla, Heuchera americana, Arabis laevigata var. laevigata, Polymnia canadensis, Polystichum acrostichoides</i>, and <i>Solidago caesia</i>. Exotic weeds, including <i>Stellaria media, Lonicera japonica, Alliaria petiolata</i>, and <i>Microstegium vimineum</i>, are problematic invaders at most sites. |
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