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Description |
Comm #3031
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Schizachyrium scoparium - Danthonia spicata - Carex pensylvanica / Cladonia spp. Grassland
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accession code: urn:lsid:vegbank.org:commConcept:35172-{CE1A6428-9F8D-4C37-9F3F-3937FE85D8BB}
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NatureServe Biotics 2019 |
3
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These grassy openings are found on rock outcrops and summits at 365-1220 m (1200-4000 feet) elevation in the Central Appalachians and adjacent regions. Settings include flat summits, outcrops, plateaus and southwest-facing upper slopes. Bare rock (acidic sandstone and conglomerates) typically makes up a large part of the cover. <i>Danthonia spicata, Schizachyrium scoparium</i>, and <i>Deschampsia flexuosa</i> are all typical. Total herbaceous cover is usually 25-50%. Other associates include <i>Carex pensylvanica, Piptatheropsis pungens, Patis racemosa, Prunus pumila, Rumex acetosella, Rubus</i> spp., <i>Sibbaldiopsis tridentata, Cladonia</i> sp., and <i>Umbilicaria</i> sp. There may be small patches of shrubs within the graminoid matrix, including <i>Vaccinium</i> spp., <i>Gaylussacia baccata</i>, and <i>Aronia melanocarpa</i>. |
Comm #3032
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Chamaedaphne calyculata - (Gaylussacia dumosa) - Decodon verticillatus / Woodwardia virginica Acidic Peatland
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accession code: urn:lsid:vegbank.org:commConcept:34659-{7C0B58F5-9DB7-466A-A8DF-869CB4184298}
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NatureServe Biotics 2019 |
3
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This dwarf-shrub quaking or floating bog occurs in the southern portion of the glaciated Northeast, extending west to the Western Allegheny Plateau. It occupies oligotrophic, peat-accumulating basins. <i>Chamaedaphne calyculata</i> is strongly dominant, with associate species including <i>Kalmia angustifolia, Kalmia polifolia, Vaccinium oxycoccos, Vaccinium macrocarpon, Gaylussacia dumosa</i> (on the coast), and <i>Gaylussacia baccata</i>. Associate shrubs generally occur with low cover, although they may be locally common. Scattered tall shrubs, such as <i>Vaccinium corymbosum, Rhododendron viscosum, Larix laricina, Picea mariana</i>, and <i>Acer rubrum</i>, may occur but always with low cover. Herbaceous cover is quite low but can include <i>Carex trisperma, Pogonia ophioglossoides, Calopogon tuberosus, Eriophorum virginicum, Drosera rotundifolia, Drosera intermedia, Sarracenia purpurea</i>, and <i>Woodwardia virginica</i> scattered throughout and with <i>Carex canescens, Carex limosa, Glyceria canadensis, Triadenum virginicum, Utricularia cornuta, Rhynchospora alba</i>, and sometimes <i>Scheuchzeria palustris</i> occurring in wetter fen windows. Edges of floating mats tend to receive more nutrient enrichment and support such species as <i>Peltandra virginica, Decodon verticillatus</i>, and <i>Dulichium arundinaceum</i>. The bryophyte layer is well-developed, dominated by <i>Sphagnum capillifolium, Sphagnum magellanicum, Sphagnum rubellum</i>, and <i>Sphagnum fuscum</i> with <i>Sphagnum bartlettianum, Sphagnum cuspidatum, Sphagnum fallax</i>, and <i>Sphagnum recurvum</i> also occurring in some examples. |
Comm #3033
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Acer rubrum - Nyssa sylvatica - Liquidambar styraciflua - Populus heterophylla Swamp Forest
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accession code: urn:lsid:vegbank.org:commConcept:34664-{ADB0D010-9831-41CD-BC6B-9657B3090649}
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NatureServe Biotics 2019 |
3
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Typically this community occupies the headwaters of streams in coastal southern New Jersey where occurrences probably receive groundwater discharge. Topography is gently rolling with a series of sphagnum-filled wet depressions alternating with drier islands. Stands generally have high diversity, one occurrence was found to contain 20-25 species of trees and 40 species of shrubs. Typical canopy species include <i>Acer rubrum, Liquidambar styraciflua, Fraxinus profunda</i>, and <i>Nyssa sylvatica</i>. <i>Magnolia virginiana</i> and <i>Ilex opaca</i> are frequent subcanopy trees. Characteristic shrubs include <i>Clethra alnifolia, Rhododendron viscosum, Lindera benzoin</i>, and <i>Itea virginica</i>. In addition to these generally "acid-loving" species a number of typical calcicoles occur in this community including <i>Cirsium muticum, Euphorbia purpurea, Platanthera flava var. flava</i>. Several species with a more southern distribution are also found in this community including <i>Quercus michauxii, Quercus phellos, Quercus nigra, Triadenum walteri</i>, and <i>Populus heterophylla</i>. |
Comm #3034
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Ceratophyllum demersum - Vallisneria americana - Najas spp. Tidal Marsh
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accession code: urn:lsid:vegbank.org:commConcept:34698-{39D2DA58-5089-4B4D-A4DE-4392CDAA9AA7}
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NatureServe Biotics 2019 |
3
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This association comprises mixed freshwater subtidal aquatic beds of the mid-Atlantic coast. It occurs in fresh reaches of upper bays and tributaries within estuarine systems. Species composition is variable and includes <i>Vallisneria americana, Ceratophyllum demersum, Heteranthera dubia, Elodea canadensis, Najas guadalupensis, Najas gracillima, Najas minor, Potamogeton pusillus, Stuckenia pectinata</i>, and others. There is often a strong component of exotic species that can be locally or extensively dominant, including <i>Myriophyllum spicatum, Hydrilla verticillata</i>, and <i>Potamogeton crispus</i>. This association can have dramatic seasonal fluctuations in species composition and biomass. |
Comm #3035
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Alnus incana - Cornus (amomum, sericea) / Clematis virginiana Shrub Swamp
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accession code: urn:lsid:vegbank.org:commConcept:34711-{F600F34C-A88E-4519-8CB6-656BB3293ED0}
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NatureServe Biotics 2019 |
3
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These shrublands occur along large streams and rivers in New England, northern New York and western Pennsylvania. They are found on river-margin alluvial deposits of moderate-energy reaches, where the flooding regime prevents forests from developing. The setting can range from flats to moderately steep banks; soils are usually sandy or silty and have little organic matter. Most are temporarily flooded, and the soils may not remain saturated through the entire growing season. Tall shrubs (1.5-3 m in height) dominate the vegetation, usually forming at least 50% cover and often creating a dense thicket. The amount of lower shrub and herb vegetation varies inversely with the tall-shrub canopy. Bryophytes are usually sparse but may be locally abundant in some settings. <i>Alnus incana</i> is a constant and usually dominant shrub. In some cases, <i>Alnus serrulata</i> (in more temperate settings) or <i>Alnus viridis</i> (in more boreal settings) may occur with or in place of <i>Alnus incana</i>. The ability of alders to bend under strong currents and their nitrogen-fixing root nodules may give alders a competitive advantage over other shrubs in this setting. <i>Cornus sericea</i> or <i>Cornus amomum</i>, along with <i>Salix</i> spp., are frequent associates and may dominate in some areas. <i>Viburnum nudum var. cassinoides</i> is occasional but not abundant. <i>Acer rubrum, Prunus serotina, Ulmus americana</i>, and/or <i>Acer saccharinum</i> may be present, as sparse individuals; in more southerly examples of this type, <i>Acer negundo</i> and <i>Salix nigra</i> may occur. <i>Spiraea alba</i> is usually present and may be abundant as a lower shrub. <i>Clematis virginiana</i> is a typical vine, often clambering in tangles on the shrubs. This type is distinguished from other northeastern <i>Alnus</i>-dominated associations by its alluvial setting. Although common, this association is little studied and comprehensive surveys have yet to be undertaken. |
Comm #3036
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Pinus rigida / Hudsonia tomentosa Woodland
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accession code: urn:lsid:vegbank.org:commConcept:34765-{FCBF4F47-2257-4B39-A8CE-2899ED4B26D5}
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NatureServe Biotics 2019 |
3
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This maritime pitch pine woodland occurs on coastal sand dunes from southern Maine to Cape Henlopen, Delaware. The community occurs on stabilized backdunes influenced by wind and salt spray. Substrate is dry, acidic, nutrient-poor sand. Active sand movement occurs with storm activity, causing the boundaries of the community to migrate over time. There is generally significant cover of bare sand, but where more stabilized, species diversity tends to increase. <i>Pinus rigida</i> dominates the canopy. Canopy associates are few but include <i>Juniperus virginiana</i>, and occasionally <i>Sassafras albidum</i>, with scattered individuals of <i>Quercus velutina</i> in the northern part of the range, and <i>Quercus falcata</i> and <i>Pinus virginiana</i> to the south. The shrub layer, if present, may include <i>Hudsonia tomentosa, Morella pensylvanica, Gaylussacia baccata, Gaylussacia frondosa, Vaccinium pallidum</i>, and occasionally <i>Hudsonia ericoides</i>, or <i>Viburnum nudum var. cassinoides</i>. Vines may be present but scarce and include <i>Smilax rotundifolia, Smilax glauca, Parthenocissus quinquefolia</i>, and <i>Toxicodendron radicans</i>. The herbaceous layer is sparse but can include <i>Aralia nudicaulis, Dichanthelium ovale var. addisonii, Solidago odora, Chimaphila maculata, Lechea maritima, Pteridium aquilinum</i>, and <i>Trientalis borealis, Maianthemum canadense, Deschampsia flexuosa, Carex lucorum</i>, and <i>Arctostaphylos uva-ursi</i> in the north. Lichens are common, especially <i>Cladonia</i> spp. |
Comm #3037
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Quercus ilicifolia - Prunus pumila Shrubland
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accession code: urn:lsid:vegbank.org:commConcept:34769-{58F87279-5C8A-40D8-A9B1-2BEB662EF2D1}
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NatureServe Biotics 2019 |
3
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This <i>Quercus ilicifolia</i> shrubland occurs on ridgetops, summits and rock outcrops in the northeastern United States. It occurs on extremely shallow, stable acidic soils over bedrock. Open bedrock is common. This shrubland is dominated by <i>Quercus ilicifolia</i>, which occurs with variable cover depending on site conditions. Associated shrubs include <i>Vaccinium angustifolium, Vaccinium pallidum, Comptonia peregrina, Kalmia angustifolia, Gaylussacia baccata, Aronia melanocarpa, Quercus prinoides</i>, and <i>Prunus pumila</i>. The herbaceous layer varies from sparse to well-developed depending on the density of shrub cover. Typical herbs include <i>Deschampsia flexuosa, Carex pensylvanica, Danthonia spicata, Schizachyrium scoparium, Pteridium aquilinum, Gaultheria procumbens, Comandra umbellata, Melampyrum lineare, Hypericum gentianoides, Corydalis sempervirens, Sibbaldiopsis tridentata</i>, plus <i>Andropogon gerardii</i> or <i>Polygonatum biflorum</i> at some sites. Scattered and stunted trees are common and include species from the surrounding ridgetop forests, such as <i>Quercus prinus, Quercus rubra, Quercus alba, Pinus rigida, Populus tremuloides, Betula populifolia</i>, and <i>Carya glabra</i>. |
Comm #3038
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Tsuga canadensis - (Betula alleghaniensis) - Picea rubens / Cornus canadensis Forest
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accession code: urn:lsid:vegbank.org:commConcept:34777-{8A9615F8-5004-4FDB-8342-6238A9938AC4}
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NatureServe Biotics 2019 |
3
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This mesic coniferous to mixed hemlock forest of northern and central New England and New York occurs on somewhat sheltered slopes at moderate elevations (30-610 m [100-2000 feet]). Hillslopes, stream valleys, ravines, and river or kame terraces are typical settings. The soils are mesic, well-drained sands or loams, often derived from till, acidic and typically shallow (<50 cm to obstruction). Canopy cover is typically dense, resulting in low light levels near the forest floor and correspondingly sparse lower layers. The canopy is dominated by <i>Tsuga canadensis</i>, and may be either almost entirely coniferous or a mixture of conifers and deciduous trees. Northern hardwoods are characteristic associates, including <i>Betula alleghaniensis, Betula papyrifera, Fagus grandifolia</i>, and <i>Acer saccharum</i>. <i>Picea rubens</i> is a common conifer associate, and may approach codominance with hemlock at some sites. Scattered subcanopy and shrub layers may feature <i>Acer pensylvanicum</i> and <i>Viburnum lantanoides</i>. Herb richness and cover are very low; typical species include <i>Aralia nudicaulis, Cornus canadensis, Dryopteris intermedia, Gaultheria procumbens, Maianthemum canadense, Medeola virginiana, Mitchella repens, Thelypteris noveboracensis</i>, and <i>Trientalis borealis</i>. In northern settings (e.g., where red spruce is common), the herb layer may contain more boreal species such as <i>Dryopteris campyloptera, Huperzia lucidula, Oxalis montana</i>, and <i>Trillium undulatum</i>. This association differs from other upland hemlock forest associations in the presence of red spruce and/or yellow birch and the more generally boreal species affinities, lacking plants such as <i>Kalmia latifolia, Rhododendron maximum, Betula lenta</i>, and <i>Quercus</i> spp. |
Comm #3039
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Acer rubrum - Nyssa sylvatica - Magnolia virginiana / Viburnum nudum var. nudum / Osmunda cinnamomea Swamp Forest
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accession code: urn:lsid:vegbank.org:commConcept:34885-{868C818A-FC4C-492A-999B-E5E583A71208}
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NatureServe Biotics 2019 |
3
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This acidic swamp forest of the eastern middle-latitude states is a nutrient-poor wetland forest occurring in groundwater-saturated stream bottoms and poorly drained depressions. Soils are typically moderately deep to deep muck over mineral soil, with pools of standing water at the surface. Acidic waters originate from groundwater seepage, with little to no overland seasonal flooding. Most sites can be characterized as "groundwater slope wetlands" (<i>sensu</i> Golet et al. 1993) with a flow-through hydrology. This community is characterized by <i>Acer rubrum</i> and <i>Nyssa sylvatica</i> in the canopy, which may be quite open in some examples. Canopy associates include <i>Magnolia virginiana, Liquidambar styraciflua</i>, and <i>Persea palustris</i>, plus occasional incidental <i>Liriodendron tulipifera</i> or <i>Pinus taeda</i>. Upland trees may occur on drier hummocks. The shrub layer is characterized by <i>Vaccinium corymbosum</i>, as well as <i>Clethra alnifolia, Ilex verticillata, Ilex opaca, Viburnum nudum var. nudum, Lindera benzoin</i>, and <i>Rhododendron viscosum</i>. The herbaceous layer varies from dense to sparse and may include <i>Symplocarpus foetidus, Triadenum virginicum, Osmunda regalis var. spectabilis, Woodwardia areolata, Carex folliculata, Carex lonchocarpa, Carex collinsii, Carex atlantica, Bartonia paniculata, Parnassia asarifolia, Helonias bullata, Chelone glabra, Oxypolis rigidior</i>, and <i>Osmunda cinnamomea</i>. <i>Sphagnum</i> spp. and other mosses are common. |
Comm #3040
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Picea rubens / Ribes glandulosum Woodland
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accession code: urn:lsid:vegbank.org:commConcept:34897-{EBE318FA-EE14-46D5-8FC6-655A2087D179}
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NatureServe Biotics 2019 |
3
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This association is a red spruce woodland of acidic talus slopes in the Northern Appalachians. The community occurs generally within the spruce-fir forest zone at moderate to high elevations inland, and may occur near sea level along the coast. The substrate varies, even within a site, from cobble to large boulder-sized talus. There is variable soil development depending on the periodicity and intensity of rockslides, but generally soils are thin and extremely patchy. The tree distribution is likewise patchy: in some areas there may be a partial to almost closed canopy; at most sites these areas are interspersed with patches of nearly open talus. Shrub and herb vegetation is very scattered and sparse. The bryoid layer ranges from sparse to well-developed; bryophytes are mostly desiccation-tolerant species, and crustose lichens may be extensive. The canopy is dominated by <i>Picea rubens</i>, in association with <i>Abies balsamea, Betula papyrifera var. papyrifera, Betula papyrifera var. cordifolia</i>, and <i>Betula alleghaniensis</i>. The tall-shrub cover is composed of <i>Acer spicatum, Acer pensylvanicum, Sorbus americana</i>, and <i>Sorbus decora</i>. <i>Ribes glandulosum</i> is a typical and diagnostic smaller shrub. Low heaths include <i>Kalmia angustifolia, Vaccinium angustifolium, Vaccinium myrtilloides</i>, and occasionally <i>Gaylussacia baccata</i>. The herbaceous layer is made up of vines and forbs confined to crevices and may include <i>Parthenocissus quinquefolia, Dryopteris marginalis, Polypodium appalachianum, Polygonum cilinode, Solidago simplex var. randii, Deschampsia flexuosa</i>, and, occasionally <i>Juncus trifidus</i>. The bryoid is made up of <i>Umbilicaria</i> spp., <i>Cladonia</i> spp., <i>Grimmia</i> spp., <i>Ptilidium ciliare, Dicranum polysetum</i>, and other <i>Dicranum</i> spp. Ground cover is talus with variable litter accumulation. This association is differentiated from most other red spruce woodlands (e.g., ~<i>Picea rubens / Vaccinium angustifolium / Sibbaldiopsis tridentata</i> Woodland (CEGL006053)$$) in its occurrence on talus on steep slopes, and in general has a lower cover of heath shrubs. At some sites, near the base of the talus slope it may grade into ~<i>Picea mariana / Ledum groenlandicum - Empetrum nigrum / Cladonia</i> spp. Dwarf-shrubland (CEGL006268)$$; that cold-air talus community has a much more extensive dwarf-shrub layer dominated by <i>Ledum groenlandicum</i>. |
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