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Description |
Comm #3151
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Tsuga heterophylla / Gymnocarpium dryopteris Forest
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accession code: urn:lsid:vegbank.org:commConcept:29403-{113488E6-20D9-4E33-9EDC-34F324B671A4}
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NatureServe Biotics 2019 |
2
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This association occurs as small, usually linear patches from Coeur d'Alene National Forest northward to northeastern Washington and northwestern Montana, west of the Continental Divide. This association is generally restricted to conditions of moisture accumulation and low insolation, i.e., sheltered slopes and toeslopes, alluvial bottoms and benches forming part of the meso-riparian zone. It shows no affinity for particular aspects due to sheltered positions and is perhaps subirrigated, at least until early summer. The elevation range is from 555 to 1370 m (1820-4500 feet). In northeastern Washington and northern Idaho, soils generally have an ash component overlying a mixed alluvium or colluvium derived from metasediments and glacial till. In Montana soils are derived from a variety of parent materials, though alluvium from sedimentary rock is common. Textures are silt, silt loam, loams and sandy loams. This mesic forest type varies widely in degree of canopy closure from nearly 100% in younger stands to open (less than 60% canopy cover) in stands that have experienced wind-throw, root-rot or underburns. This type can include all successional stages. Early seral stands can be dominated by other than <i>Tsuga heterophylla</i> or <i>Thuja plicata</i>; however, in late seral to climax stands these two conifers invariably dominate the canopy with specimens approaching 50 m (160 feet) in height. Long-persisting seral tree species include <i>Abies grandis, Picea engelmannii, Pinus monticola</i> (particularly in northern Idaho), <i>Larix occidentalis, Pseudotsuga menziesii</i>, and <i>Betula papyrifera</i>. The shrub layer is often relatively species-rich but not abundant and clearly subordinate to the herbaceous cover. Tall and mid-shrubs with the highest constancy and cover include <i>Acer glabrum, Lonicera utahensis, Paxistima myrsinites, Rosa gymnocarpa, Rubus parviflorus, Taxus brevifolia</i>, and <i>Vaccinium membranaceum</i>. <i>Linnaea borealis</i> is the only subshrub of note. <i>Bromus vulgaris</i> is consistently present in trace amounts. In addition to being 100% constant the herbaceous indicator <i>Gymnocarpium dryopteris</i> ranges in cover from 10 to 90% and averages around 25%. Other forbs of high constancy (>60%) and indicative of mesic or moister moisture levels include <i>Adenocaulon bicolor, Asarum caudatum, Aralia nudicaulis, Clintonia uniflora, Tiarella trifoliata, Galium triflorum, Prosartes hookeri, Maianthemum stellatum, Trillium ovatum</i>, and <i>Viola orbiculata</i>. |
Comm #3152
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Pinus contorta / Juniperus communis Woodland
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accession code: urn:lsid:vegbank.org:commConcept:29673-{173EB0D9-8011-4BBC-84D1-480218B3461E}
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NatureServe Biotics 2019 |
2
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This woodland association occurs in the upper montane and subalpine zone throughout much of the Rocky Mountains, although it is more common from along the Continental Divide east where climates are often drier. Sites are warm and dry and occur on nearly level benches, and gentle to very steep slopes. Aspects vary from south at high elevations to north aspect at lower elevations in canyons. Substrates are typically rocky, shallow to moderately deep, well- to excessively well-drained, gravelly or coarse-sandy loam or clay loam. Parent materials are variable, but are more often igneous or metamorphic rocks. The vegetation is characterized by an open to moderately dense (30-70% cover) tree canopy that is often solely dominated by <i>Pinus contorta</i>. However, scattered <i>Abies lasiocarpa, Picea engelmannii, Pinus albicaulis, Pinus flexilis, Pseudotsuga menziesii</i>, or <i>Populus tremuloides</i> trees may be present in some stands, especially in the subcanopy. The understory is typically depauperate and dominated by the conspicuous dwarf-shrub <i>Juniperus communis</i> with 5-15% cover. <i>Arctostaphylos uva-ursi</i> is often present with low cover. Other shrubs may be present in low cover. The herbaceous layer is usually sparse with a few scattered species. Diagnostic of this association is the dominance of <i>Pinus contorta</i> in the tree canopy with <i>Juniperus communis</i> dominating the understory. |
Comm #3153
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Pinus monophylla / Artemisia tridentata Woodland
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accession code: urn:lsid:vegbank.org:commConcept:29736-{306C5464-69E9-4220-B1F2-DB1C4AFE76D4}
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NatureServe Biotics 2019 |
2
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Comm #3154
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Salix amygdaloides Riparian Woodland
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accession code: urn:lsid:vegbank.org:commConcept:29856-{1A14D8F6-09BE-4F6A-AD69-841E0B61E958}
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NatureServe Biotics 2019 |
2
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This peachleaf willow woodland type is found in the northern Rocky Mountains and into northern parts of the western Great Plains. Stands occur in riparian areas, located in backwater areas and overflow channels of large rivers, on narrow floodplains of small creeks, and on the edges of ponds and lakes. Often it occurs in small isolated clumps adjacent to streams and rivers. The water table is usually within 1 m (3 feet) of the soil surface during the growing season, and the vegetation is tolerant of flooding. <i>Salix amygdaloides</i> associations may occur on a range of soil types, except heavy clays. It is most common on silty to sandy soils. It is tolerant of flooding and weakly saline or alkaline soils. Soils may be saturated to within 1 m (3 feet) of the surface during much of the growing season. The vegetation is dominated by <i>Salix amygdaloides</i>. |
Comm #3155
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Abies lasiocarpa - Picea engelmannii Krummholz
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accession code: urn:lsid:vegbank.org:commConcept:29894-{15AF8BE7-6DD7-4CD7-BA5F-BC94CF483542}
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NatureServe Biotics 2019 |
2
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These dwarf-tree shrublands occur in the upper treeline areas of the Rocky Mountains. Elevations range from 3600 m in Colorado down to 2000 m in northern Montana and Canada. Climate is cold, temperate, often with heavy winter snow, and short cool summers. Sites are nearly level to steeply sloping. Stands are often extensive on more mesic north aspects. Sites are windswept most of the year by prevailing westerly winds. Winter winds are especially intense, desiccate and kill needles and stems, and deform branches that are above the snowpack. Soils are shallow, lithic, gravelly or sandy loams, and rock outcrops are common. Stands form a mosaic of dense patches of dwarfed evergreen conifer trees (usually less than 2 m tall, with occasional taller wind-flagged individuals) in alpine meadows or fell-fields. The woody canopy is dominated by stunted <i>Abies lasiocarpa</i> and <i>Picea engelmannii</i>. <i>Pinus albicaulis, Pinus flexilis</i>, or <i>Pinus aristata</i> may be present to codominant. Occasional <i>Pinus contorta</i> or <i>Larix lyallii</i> may be present in some stands. <i>Picea engelmannii</i> is more prominent on more xeric sites in more southern latitudes, and <i>Abies lasiocarpa</i> is more prominent on mesic sites and in the north. Other woody species may be present, including shrubs and dwarf-shrubs such as <i>Phyllodoce glanduliflora, Kalmia polifolia, Ribes montigenum, Vaccinium membranaceum</i>, and <i>Vaccinium scoparium</i>. The herbaceous layer is sparse under dense shrub canopies, or may be dense turf where the shrub canopy is open and where soil is not limiting. It is often dominated by mesic or xeric alpine forb and graminoid species but may include subalpine species especially in protected areas. |
Comm #3156
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Artemisia tridentata ssp. tridentata / Leymus cinereus Shrubland
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accession code: urn:lsid:vegbank.org:commConcept:29925-{49447878-B243-4D4F-84FB-B2002ECD7FC4}
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NatureServe Biotics 2019 |
2
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This widely distributed sagebrush shrubland is a transitional community found on floodplains, terraces of perennial streams and along the edges of seasonally flooded washes and gullies of the high desert steppe of the western United States or associated relatively mesic upland sites (swales) with high water tables. Elevations range from 1600 to 2170 m (5250-7120 feet). On terraces, slopes are level to gentle, and the substrate is alluvium or loess. Mesic upland site are gentle to steep, with substrates derived from shale and sandstone. Soils generally have silty or clay loam textures and are moderately well-drained. Stands of this association are characterized by a shrub layer dominated by <i>Artemisia tridentata ssp. tridentata</i> standing 1-3 m tall and an herbaceous layer dominated by <i>Leymus cinereus</i> 0.5-1.5 m tall. Some stands may take the form of a <i>Leymus cinereus</i> grassland with <i>Artemisia tridentata ssp. tridentata</i> on the margins, but more often stands are shrublands with grass growing in openings between shrub canopies. Total vegetation cover ranges from 20 to 90%. <i>Sarcobatus vermiculatus</i> and <i>Ericameria nauseosa</i> may also be present in the shrub stratum. <i>Leymus cinereus</i> dominates the understory with 15 to 90% cover. Various other grasses are likely to be present, including <i>Bromus tectorum, Distichlis spicata</i>, and other grasses associated with more mesic or riparian environments. Forbs species vary among sites. |
Comm #3157
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Amelanchier alnifolia / Xerophyllum tenax Grassland
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accession code: urn:lsid:vegbank.org:commConcept:29975-{5242B2CE-9DB5-4B22-B93E-446056DFE338}
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NatureServe Biotics 2019 |
2
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Comm #3158
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Cercocarpus montanus / Bouteloua curtipendula Shrubland
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accession code: urn:lsid:vegbank.org:commConcept:29995-{AA320813-E144-4CD2-989C-ABC4DBD995C1}
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NatureServe Biotics 2019 |
2
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This mountain-mahogany shrubland is found in the western and southern Great Plains and Rocky Mountains in the western United States. Stands occur on moderate to steep slopes on clay loam and loam soils. The vegetation is dominated by <i>Cercocarpus montanus</i>, which forms an open canopy approximately 1-2 m tall. The herbaceous stratum rarely exceeds 1 m. Cover by herbaceous species is sparse to moderate. <i>Bouteloua curtipendula</i> is the most abundant species <i>Artemisia frigida</i> is a typical small dwarf-shrub in the layer. Common herbaceous species are the forbs <i>Symphyotrichum oblongifolium, Hedeoma hispida</i>, and the grasses <i>Aristida purpurea</i> and <i>Achnatherum hymenoides</i>. |
Comm #3159
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Elaeagnus commutata Wet Shrubland
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accession code: urn:lsid:vegbank.org:commConcept:30007-{66DF5092-FCFF-4B83-A693-950044D2473C}
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NatureServe Biotics 2019 |
2
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This shrubland is a minor type forming narrow stringers on stream terraces and at the margins of riparian areas. Elevation ranges from about 610 m on the Great Plains to 1524 m (2000-5000 feet) along the front of the Rocky Mountains. Soils are silty and derived from alluvium. Surficial geology is glacial-fluvial or lacustrine-fluvial deposits. Litter and duff cover 70% of the ground. Stands in the foothills of the Rocky Mountains appear to be more mesic than those from the eastern plains. Consequently, the species composition is variable. Stands located closer to the mountains and larger riparian areas have more mesic species. Stands surrounded by plains or foothill grasslands tend to have more typical dry-mesic species. <i>Elaeagnus commutata</i> is the dominant shrub throughout. <i>Salix</i> spp., <i>Amelanchier alnifolia, Prunus virginiana, Rosa woodsii</i>, and <i>Artemisia cana</i> may also be present. Common introduced graminoid species include <i>Poa pratensis, Phleum pratense</i>, and <i>Agrostis gigantea</i>. Native abundant grasses include <i>Elymus lanceolatus, Koeleria macrantha, Calamagrostis canadensis, Festuca campestris</i>, and <i>Hesperostipa comata</i>. Forb cover can be variable and may include <i>Galium boreale, Ranunculus acriformis, Senecio triangularis, Pulsatilla patens ssp. multifida</i>, and <i>Geum triflorum</i>. |
Comm #3160
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Salix glauca Wet Shrubland
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accession code: urn:lsid:vegbank.org:commConcept:30045-{E369B8D7-0D3C-4D80-9C63-A8E84D4B51D5}
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NatureServe Biotics 2019 |
2
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This cold-deciduous, mesic, subalpine shrubland occurs on moderate to steep slopes at elevations between 1770 and 3000 m (5800-9900 feet), in areas of snow catchment, fluvial and colluvial landforms, talus and scree in avalanche paths. Stands are mesic and can be temporarily flooded by seasonal runoff. Soils are thin, poorly developed and well-drained with or without calcareous sandstone gravels. Stands can occur as a uniform shrubland or, in the alpine, within ribbons that alternate with talus and scree. Stands are dominated by <i>Salix glauca</i> with 25-60% cover. Co-occurring shrub species are highly variable. In Glacier National Park, <i>Spiraea betulifolia, Amelanchier alnifolia, Penstemon fruticosus, Dasiphora fruticosa ssp. floribunda, Symphoricarpos occidentalis</i>, and <i>Arctostaphylos uva-ursi</i> can be present with 5-15% cover. <i>Abies lasiocarpa</i> seedlings may also be present in the shrub layer with low cover. In southeastern Montana and in Grand Teton National Park, stands had no other shrubs present. Graminoid cover is low (1-15%) with <i>Festuca campestris, Bromus inermis, Poa alpina, Trisetum spicatum</i>, or <i>Elymus trachycaulus</i>. Forb cover can be low to high with several species combined contributing 10-60%. Species present may include <i>Aquilegia flavescens, Hedysarum sulphurescens, Heracleum maximum, Thalictrum occidentale, Anemone multifida, Antennaria umbrinella, Arenaria congesta, Erigeron</i> sp., <i>Potentilla gracilis, Chamerion angustifolium, Oreostemma alpigenum, Castilleja miniata, Clematis occidentalis, Valeriana sitchensis</i>, and <i>Synthyris pinnatifida</i>. |
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