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Comm #4611	Pseudotsuga menziesii / Acer glabrum Forest » more details accession code: urn:lsid:vegbank.org:commConcept:29327-{A3557C53-43A7-4FE7-9038-B7B92DE9E21F}	NatureServe Biotics 2019	1	This montane forest association occurs in the montane zone in the southern, central and northern Rocky Mountains. Elevations vary from 1465 to 2654 m (4800-8700 feet). Sites are cool and moist, generally occurring on northern or eastern aspects, on steep, mid to lower slopes, and ravines or stream bottoms where cold-air drainage is a factor. Substrates are variable and may be gravelly or not, with soil texture ranging from sandy loam to clay derived from colluvium. The vegetation is characterized by a <i>Pseudotsuga menziesii</i>-dominated tree canopy with <i>Acer glabrum</i> dominating or codominating the understory. The evergreen needle-leaved tree canopy is generally moderately dense to dense (50-80% cover). Mature seral tree species such as <i>Pinus contorta, Pinus flexilis, Pinus ponderosa, Larix occidentalis, Populus angustifolia</i>, or <i>Populus tremuloides</i> may be present to codominant. <i>Abies concolor</i> is typically absent. The tall-shrub layer is open (patchy) to moderately dense and dominated or codominated by <i>Acer glabrum</i> with other tall shrubs such as <i>Amelanchier alnifolia, Cornus sericea, Quercus gambelii, Prunus virginiana, Sorbus scopulina, Spiraea betulifolia</i>, or <i>Salix scouleriana</i>. An open to moderately dense short-shrub layer is usually present and often dominated by <i>Physocarpus malvaceus</i> with other species such as <i>Lonicera utahensis, Mahonia repens, Paxistima myrsinites, Rosa</i> spp., <i>Ribes cereum, Symphoricarpos albus</i>, or <i>Symphoricarpos oreophilus</i>. The vine <i>Clematis columbiana</i> may also be present in small amounts. In some stands the tall- and short-shrub layers are not distinct. Herbaceous layer generally has low cover and is composed of diverse forbs with graminoids present to codominant.
Comm #4612	Pseudotsuga menziesii / Arnica cordifolia Forest » more details accession code: urn:lsid:vegbank.org:commConcept:29336-{19AAF719-CD19-4A89-955F-F8858FDC451D}	NatureServe Biotics 2019	1	This forest association occurs in the central and northern Rocky Mountains from the lower to mid montane zone. Elevations range from 1430 to 2900 m (4690-9500 feet). Sites are variable but generally on dry aspects. Substrates are variable and may be very gravelly or not, with soil textures ranging from sandy loam to silt. Ground surface has high cover of litter, often 4-7 cm deep, relatively low cover of surface rock (&lt;10%), and low cover of bare soil. The vegetation is characterized by a relatively dense (60-90% cover), evergreen needle-leaved tree canopy strongly dominated by <i>Pseudotsuga menziesii</i> with <i>Arnica cordifolia</i> or <i>Astragalus miser</i> dominating or codominating the sparse to moderately dense understory. Other mature seral tree species present include <i>Pinus contorta, Pinus flexilis</i>, or <i>Juniperus scopulorum</i>. The dense canopy limits understory development so only scattered shrubs may be present, not enough to form a shrub layer. The herbaceous layer, whether depauperate or moderately dense, dominates the forest floor and is dominated or codominated by <i>Arnica cordifolia</i> and <i>Astragalus miser</i>.
Comm #4613	Pseudotsuga menziesii / Carex geyeri Forest » more details accession code: urn:lsid:vegbank.org:commConcept:29339-{31AAA911-1351-4429-ADB0-2DFCF6310740}	NatureServe Biotics 2019	1	This association has been found in the montane zone of the Rocky Mountains of Colorado, Idaho, Montana, Oregon and Washington. Stands occur at lower montane elevations of these mountainous regions, on sites typically drier than most other <i>Pseudotsuga menziesii</i> associations. Site slope and aspect vary greatly. Slopes where this association is found in Colorado are reported to be steep to very steep (45-80%). Parent materials include granitics, conglomerates, sandstones, basalts, and shales. Exposed bare ground is low (less than 30%), and litter/duff is relatively thin, usually less than 5 cm deep. Vegetation is characterized by the dominance of <i>Pseudotsuga menziesii</i>, with a relatively closed canopy, as well as stands that are more open or have a mixed conifer tree canopy. <i>Pseudotsuga</i> is self-regenerating in this association. Several other conifers may be present to codominant, including <i>Pinus ponderosa</i> or <i>Juniperus scopulorum</i> in southern Rocky Mountain stands, and <i>Abies lasiocarpa, Pinus albicaulis, Pinus contorta</i>, or <i>Populus tremuloides</i> in stands farther north. These species are typically present only in early-seral stands of this association. There is no shrub layer, although several shrub species are typically present with low cover. These include the evergreen needle-leaved <i>Juniperus communis</i> and the broad-leaved cold-deciduous <i>Amelanchier alnifolia, Lonicera utahensis, Mahonia repens, Paxistima myrsinites, Purshia tridentata, Spiraea betulifolia, Vaccinium membranaceum, Vaccinium scoparium</i>, and <i>Symphoricarpos occidentalis</i> or <i>Symphoricarpos oreophilus</i>. The herbaceous layer is dominated by the perennial sedge <i>Carex geyeri</i> (averaging 35% cover). No other herbaceous species are well-represented, but many different forbs can occur in low amounts.
Comm #4614	Thuja plicata / Athyrium filix-femina Forest » more details accession code: urn:lsid:vegbank.org:commConcept:29382-{78340A03-7ECD-4D98-A1C8-F41F332ACA2F}	NatureServe Biotics 2019	1	This small-patch, hygric (damp) to hydric (wet) community is associated with the inland penetration of a Pacific maritime climatic regime, occurring in the east Cascades and northeastern Washington, east into northern Idaho and northwestern Montana. This type ranges in elevation from 460 to 1430 m (1500-4700 feet). The primary environmental driver is abundant water throughout the growing season; standing water is often present early in the growing season, and water tables are high throughout the year. This is typically a streamside stringer, around seeps, where toeslopes intercept the water table, and some of the most extensive examples are associated with gentle slopes (&lt;20 % inclination) with perched water tables. The stands are often sheltered in valley bottoms. Sites often have considerable microsite variation due to hummocking, and this can be reflected in the within-stand vegetation patterning. Soils are derived primarily from alluvium of various geologic origins. With textures ranging from loamy sands to silt loams and often having an appreciable gravel content, soils are very permeable. The tree canopy is highly variable in cover with dense old-growth <i>Thuja</i>-dominated stands approaching 100% canopy cover and other sites that perhaps have experienced wind throw having less than 50% cover. <i>Thuja plicata</i> dominates both the upper canopy and the reproductive layers; <i>Tsuga heterophylla, Abies grandis</i> and <i>Picea engelmannii</i> are consistent upper canopy components; only <i>Tsuga</i> has appreciable cover in the reproductive layers. In a modal expression of the type a nearly continuous layer of <i>Athyrium filix-femina</i> dominates the undergrowth, concealing a rich diversity of forbs. Some sites have appreciable cover of tall shrubs including <i>Taxus brevifolia, Alnus viridis ssp. sinuata</i>, and <i>Acer glabrum</i>. Incidental individuals or small patches of <i>Oplopanax horridus</i> may be found. The short and dwarf-shrub layers are relatively inconspicuous, a combined cover seldom exceeding 10%. Some consistently present hygric- to hydric-indicating forbs include <i>Senecio triangularis, Trautvetteria caroliniensis, Streptopus amplexifolius, Gymnocarpium dryopteris, Viola glabella, Aconitum columbianum</i>, and <i>Circaea alpina</i>; some have considered the presence of the first four of these forbs to be indicative of the type when the cover of <i>Athyrium</i> is less than 1%.
Comm #4615	Tsuga heterophylla / Athyrium filix-femina Forest » more details accession code: urn:lsid:vegbank.org:commConcept:29400-{CA1E453F-2880-42D2-8E39-1285A1D1DEEF}	NatureServe Biotics 2019	1	This association occurs in northern Idaho, on the west slope of the Bitterroot Mountains, in the Coeur d'Alene National Forest, and western Montana in Glacier National Park. It occurs on stream terraces, toeslopes and lower slope positions, from roughly 915 to 2500 m (3000-8200 feet) elevation. Slopes are less than 25% and aspects are northwestern to eastern. Soils are well-drained, loamy sands to silt loams in texture, with some having a high gravel content. This is a needle-leaved evergreen forest, dominated by <i>Tsuga heterophylla</i>. Other trees occasionally present may include <i>Thuja plicata, Abies grandis, Pinus monticola, Abies lasiocarpa</i>, and <i>Picea engelmannii</i>, but only <i>Tsuga heterophylla</i> is reproducing successfully. Scattered shrubs occur, but none are particularly abundant. Shrub species occasionally present include <i>Taxus brevifolia, Menziesia ferruginea, Acer glabrum</i>, and <i>Rubus parviflorus</i>. The herbaceous layer is abundant and dominated by perennial ferns. <i>Athyrium filix-femina</i> is always present, with cover usually over 10% and occasionally over 50%. <i>Gymnocarpium dryopteris</i> is also common.
Comm #4616	Populus tremuloides / Quercus gambelii / Symphoricarpos oreophilus Forest » more details accession code: urn:lsid:vegbank.org:commConcept:29507-{543024DD-2601-46BF-9733-D8660C28B023}	NatureServe Biotics 2019	1	This deciduous forest is known from central New Mexico, the southwestern Colorado Plateau and southern Rocky Mountains where it occurs along drainages on plateaus and in draws on mountain slopes. Elevations range from 2240-2538 m. Stands occur along intermittent streams on moderately steep to steep slopes with southwestern to northwestern aspects. Soils tend to be relatively shallow, finer-textured loams derived from alluvium and residuum from volcanic or sedimentary rocks. Litter covers much of the ground surface. The vegetation is characterized by a moderately dense to dense tree canopy dominated by <i>Populus tremuloides</i>. <i>Quercus gambelii</i> dominates the tall-shrub layer (&gt;10% cover) and may be present in the tree canopy. <i>Symphoricarpos oreophilus</i> or <i>Symphoricarpos rotundifolius</i> form the short-shrub layer (&gt;10% cover) with several other shrub species. The herbaceous layer is generally sparse, but may be moderately dense, and is usually a diverse mixture of grasses and forbs.
Comm #4617	Populus tremuloides / Spiraea betulifolia Forest » more details accession code: urn:lsid:vegbank.org:commConcept:29516-{AFB27D3A-88AD-4C3F-A575-97C9F42AE321}	NatureServe Biotics 2019	1	This aspen forest type is found on gently sloping or rolling topography, at higher elevations in the Central Core, Limestone Plateau, Minnekahta Foothills and Bear Lodge Mountains of the Black Hills in the United States. It has also been found in western Montana in Glacier National Park. In the Black Hills, aspen stands are best developed and extend to lower elevations (1586-1740 m) in the northern part of the range, including the Bear Lodge Mountains. In northwestern Montana, this type was found at 1537 m (5040 feet) on a moderately steep, south-facing talus slope composed of limestone and dolomite rocks. This type can have a moderately closed to closed canopy. <i>Populus tremuloides</i> is the dominant tree. <i>Picea glauca, Pinus contorta</i>, or <i>Pinus ponderosa</i> may occur in this community as emergent trees. Understory composition was found to be quite variable in stands surveyed. Shrub cover typically is heavy and diverse, with <i>Spiraea betulifolia</i> and <i>Mahonia repens</i> often codominant. Other shrubs frequently present include <i>Amelanchier alnifolia, Arctostaphylos uva-ursi, Prunus virginiana, Rosa woodsii, Shepherdia canadensis</i>, and <i>Symphoricarpos albus</i>. The herbaceous stratum also is diverse, and forb cover often is greater than graminoid cover. <i>Symphyotrichum laeve, Lathyrus ochroleucus</i>, and <i>Monarda fistulosa</i> are among the more abundant species. The one stand sampled in Glacier National Park had no herbaceous species present.
Comm #4618	Populus deltoides / Muhlenbergia asperifolia Flooded Forest » more details accession code: urn:lsid:vegbank.org:commConcept:29587-{EBBFD9F3-434D-4F69-9F59-431AE76CD474}	NatureServe Biotics 2019	1	This is a lowland forested riparian association known from the Rio Grande and Pecos drainages of central New Mexico and the Arkansas River in southeastern Colorado. This association occurs in lowland river valleys at elevations ranging from 1180-1680 m (3850-5500 feet). Typical sites are mid- to upper-elevation bars and terraces within the active floodplain. Soils are young, weakly developed Entisols. This association is often dominated by older, open stands of <i>Populus deltoides ssp. wislizeni</i> or <i>Populus deltoides ssp. monilifera</i> with grassy understories dominated by <i>Muhlenbergia asperifolia</i> (the characteristic herbaceous species) and <i>Distichlis spicata</i> (up to 80% total herbaceous cover). <i>Salix amygdaloides</i> is present in the tree canopies of some stands. Shrubs are few and scattered, although invasive and exotic <i>Tamarix</i> spp. and <i>Elaeagnus angustifolia</i> are often abundant. Other herbaceous species may include <i>Scirpus microcarpus, Panicum virgatum</i>, and <i>Eleocharis palustris</i>. A few weedy forbs include <i>Apocynum cannabinum</i> and <i>Ambrosia artemisiifolia</i>.
Comm #4619	Juniperus osteosperma / Artemisia tridentata Woodland » more details accession code: urn:lsid:vegbank.org:commConcept:29639-{3B4ADCD2-18A7-4665-AA64-10B50892D105}	NatureServe Biotics 2019	1	This sparse woodland association has been reported from semi-arid foothills, plateaus and mountains throughout much of the western Rocky Mountains, Colorado Plateau, and Great Basin. The vegetation is characterized by an open tree canopy dominated by <i>Juniperus osteosperma</i> with <i>Artemisia tridentata ssp. wyomingensis</i> dominating the short-shrub layer. Other shrubs may be present but generally with low cover. The sparse to moderately dense herbaceous layer is dominated by graminoids. Elevation ranges from 1220 to 2260 m (4000-7400 feet). This community generally occurs on a variety of slopes and aspects, often at the break between foothill and basin. Soils are generally coarse-textured, calcareous alluvial or eolian deposits derived from sandstone and shale. Evidence of erosion such as gullies and rills is not uncommon.
Comm #4620	Pinus albicaulis - (Abies lasiocarpa) / Carex geyeri Woodland » more details accession code: urn:lsid:vegbank.org:commConcept:29663-{EF35A21E-D0A6-4433-B2C6-46E102973E70}	NatureServe Biotics 2019	1	This central and northern Rocky Mountain woodland association occurs in northwestern Wyoming, western Montana, Idaho and northeastern Oregon. Stands are found in the upper subalpine zone at 2040 to 2865 m (6685-9400 feet) elevation on dry sites that are typically on steep, upper slopes with southerly or westerly aspects or on ridgetops. It also occurs on less exposed, gentle slopes and benches. Substrates are often rocky coarse-textured soils derived from volcanic (pumice), sedimentary, granitic or granitic-gneiss parent materials. The vegetation is characterized by an open tree canopy of <i>Pinus albicaulis</i> that is typically multi-stemmed (and stunted) on exposed, high-elevation sites, sometimes with occasional <i>Pinus flexilis</i> trees. On less exposed sites, the upper canopy may include scattered <i>Pinus contorta</i>, or <i>Abies lasiocarpa</i> may be present with <i>Abies lasiocarpa</i> or <i>Pseudotsuga menziesii</i> present in the subcanopy and understory. The understory is characterized by a relatively sparse to moderately dense (15-60% cover) herbaceous layer that is typically dominated by <i>Carex geyeri</i>. Other common graminoids include <i>Achnatherum occidentale, Carex rossii, Elymus glaucus, Festuca idahoensis, Poa nervosa</i>, and <i>Trisetum spicatum</i>. Associated forbs, such as <i>Achillea millefolium, Antennaria</i> spp., <i>Arnica cordifolia, Campanula rotundifolia, Erigeron</i> spp., <i>Geum triflorum, Lupinus argenteus, Pedicularis racemosa, Solidago multiradiata, Valeriana dioica</i>, or <i>Xerophyllum tenax</i>, are often present with relatively low cover. Shrubs do occur in this type but typically have low cover. Occasional species include <i>Dasiphora fruticosa ssp. floribunda, Penstemon fruticosus, Symphoricarpos</i> spp., or <i>Spiraea</i> spp.