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Reference
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Description |
Comm #531
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Quercus rubra - Quercus montana - Magnolia (acuminata, fraseri) / Acer pensylvanicum Forest
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accession code: urn:lsid:vegbank.org:commConcept:33593-{DB2579FA-3E62-4A5A-AF4F-290A7D590E51}
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NatureServe Biotics 2019 |
36
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This mixed northern red oak - chestnut oak forest is known from the northern part of the Southern Appalachians and extreme southern part of the Central Appalachians in southwestern Virginia and adjacent parts of West Virginia and Tennessee. It occurs on submesic slopes at various topographic positions and aspects from 600 to 1200 m (2000-4000 feet) elevation. Geologic substrate includes various sedimentary rocks, quartzite, granitic rocks, biotite gneiss, and feldspathic metagraywacke. Soils are deep, extremely acidic, and infertile. Vegetation is a mixed oak forest with a well-developed canopy 30 m or more tall in mature stands. <i>Quercus rubra</i> and <i>Quercus montana</i> are the most characteristic canopy dominants, usually occurring in mixed stands with minor associates of <i>Magnolia acuminata, Magnolia fraseri, Quercus alba, Betula lenta, Acer rubrum, Carya</i> spp., <i>Fagus grandifolia, Tsuga canadensis</i>, and <i>Liriodendron tulipifera</i>. <i>Acer pensylvanicum</i> is the leading small tree/shrub dominant, with frequent associates of <i>Oxydendrum arboreum, Pinus strobus, Amelanchier arborea, Amelanchier laevis, Castanea dentata</i> (sprouts), <i>Hamamelis virginiana, Rhododendron maximum, Ilex montana, Viburnum acerifolium</i>, and <i>Vaccinium pallidum</i>. The herb layer is typically patchy to sparse, with <i>Medeola virginiana, Galax urceolata, Convallaria majuscula, Thelypteris noveboracensis</i>, and <i>Dennstaedtia punctilobula</i> occasionally attaining 5% cover in a plot; at higher elevations, the ferns may dominate strongly and cover more substantial areas. Other relatively constant but low-cover herbs include <i>Dioscorea quaternata, Eurybia divaricata, Solidago curtisii, Polygonatum biflorum, Polystichum acrostichoides, Conopholis americana, Clintonia umbellulata, Viola hastata, Uvularia puberula, Chamaelirium luteum, Zizia trifoliata</i>, and <i>Carex appalachica</i>. |
Comm #532
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Picea rubens - Tsuga canadensis - Fagus grandifolia / Dryopteris intermedia Forest
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accession code: urn:lsid:vegbank.org:commConcept:34679-{FF9CD779-F93B-4F2F-9385-72ACB55ED530}
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NatureServe Biotics 2019 |
36
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This community is the transitional red spruce - northern hardwood forest of the Central Appalachians. It occupies cool, moist midslopes and ridges on well-drained to somewhat poorly drained acidic soils at elevations above 850 m (2800 feet). It generally occurs at lower elevations within the Central Appalachian red spruce zone, and is transitional to Central Appalachian northern hardwood forest. However, this forest type may also dominate at higher elevations, especially where organic soils and red spruce seedbanks have been removed by severe or repeated burning. While most stands occur on acidic substrates, a variant of this type extends into the middle and upper elevations of the red spruce zone along slightly richer substrates underlain by shale and limestone. The community is a closed-canopy mixed forest dominated by <i>Picea rubens, Tsuga canadensis, Betula alleghaniensis</i>, and <i>Acer rubrum</i>. <i>Picea rubens</i> comprises at least 15% of the canopy and may be dominant or codominant in the stand. Common associates include <i>Fagus grandifolia, Prunus serotina, Betula lenta, Acer saccharum</i>, and <i>Acer pensylvanicum</i>. Slightly less common are <i>Magnolia fraseri, Acer spicatum, Liriodendron tulipifera, Magnolia acuminata, Fraxinus americana, Amelanchier laevis</i>, and <i>Tilia americana</i>. The variable and often sparse shrub layer generally contains regenerating tree saplings and may also include <i>Ilex montana, Rhododendron maximum, Kalmia latifolia, Viburnum lantanoides, Vaccinium erythrocarpum, Smilax rotundifolia, Menziesia pilosa</i>, and <i>Sambucus racemosa</i>. The herb layer is strongly dominated by <i>Dryopteris intermedia</i>. Other common herbaceous species include <i>Maianthemum canadense, Oxalis montana, Mitchella repens, Dennstaedtia punctilobula, Trillium undulatum, Medeola virginiana, Oclemena acuminata, Dryopteris campyloptera, Anemone quinquefolia, Lycopodium dendroideum, Arisaema triphyllum, Carex debilis var. rudgei, Clintonia borealis, Dryopteris carthusiana, Danthonia compressa, Galium triflorum, Huperzia lucidula, Lycopodium clavatum, Lycopodium obscurum, Platanthera orbiculata, Polypodium appalachianum</i>, and <i>Tiarella cordifolia</i>. The dominant bryophytes are <i>Bazzania trilobata</i> and <i>Hypnum imponens</i>. |
Comm #533
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Cladium mariscoides - Drosera intermedia - Eleocharis rostellata Coastal Fen
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accession code: urn:lsid:vegbank.org:commConcept:34957-{FD158BC5-3559-4B08-94A5-FB464EBADFB6}
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NatureServe Biotics 2019 |
36
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This association comprises "sea-level fens" of the central and north Atlantic Coast. These are small-patch communities occurring at the edge of salt marshes adjacent to sandy or gravelly slopes where there is acidic, oligotrophic groundwater seepage. Although its association with salt marshes is diagnostic, it is only infrequently influenced by salt or brackish overwash during unusually high tides. The physiognomy is dominated by herbs, occasionally with some scattered shrubs or short trees. The diagnostic species include <i>Cladium mariscoides, Rhynchospora alba, Eleocharis rostellata, Drosera intermedia</i>, and <i>Schoenoplectus pungens</i>. Other associated species may include <i>Symphyotrichum novi-belgii, Carex exilis, Carex hormathodes, Carex leptalea, Eleocharis fallax, Juncus canadensis, Juncus pelocarpus, Lysimachia terrestris, Rosa palustris, Vaccinium macrocarpon, Sanguisorba canadensis, Teucrium canadense</i>, and <i>Schoenoplectus americanus</i> and <i>Eriocaulon decangulare</i> in the southern portion of the association range. Woody species occurring at low cover may include <i>Morella pensylvanica, Baccharis halimifolia, Juniperus virginiana, Iva frutescens</i>, and in the southern portion of the range, <i>Morella cerifera</i>. Substrate is sedgy peat over sand or gravel. |
Comm #534
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Hypericum densiflorum / Rubus hispidus Scrub
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accession code: urn:lsid:vegbank.org:commConcept:35104-{19017804-8D67-46E4-8483-F00289441282}
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NatureServe Biotics 2019 |
36
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This shrub swamp occurs in naturally or anthropogenically disturbed headwater wetlands in the Central Appalachians, Cumberlands, and perhaps adjacent ecoregions. It is dominated by <i>Hypericum densiflorum</i> over a variable, disturbance-tolerant herbaceous layer and <i>Sphagnum</i> spp. Shrub associates include <i>Viburnum nudum var. cassinoides, Spiraea alba</i>, and <i>Vaccinium myrtilloides</i>. The low-growing trailing vine <i>Rubus hispidus</i> is characteristic in the ground layer. The herbaceous stratum is well-developed with <i>Juncus effusus</i> and <i>Solidago uliginosa</i> generally present. Other herbaceous species with fairly high constancy include <i>Scirpus cyperinus, Carex stipata, Osmunda cinnamomea var. cinnamomea, Eriophorum virginicum, Carex scoparia var. scoparia, Carex folliculata, Carex gynandra</i>, and <i>Gentiana linearis</i>. <i>Sphagnum</i> spp. and <i>Polytrichum commune</i> are the dominant bryophytes, averaging around 50% cover. |
Comm #535
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Pinus palustris - (Pinus taeda) / Schizachyrium scoparium - Rhynchosia reniformis Woodland
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accession code: urn:lsid:vegbank.org:commConcept:35926-{59200978-6F63-4D72-B2D3-5E363D579121}
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NatureServe Biotics 2019 |
36
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This longleaf pine woodland occurs on upland flats on sandy loam soils of the inner Atlantic Coastal Plain. This community has an open to scattered to mostly closed canopy of <i>Pinus palustris</i> and/or <i>Pinus taeda</i> (the latter because of fire suppression and landscape alteration), a moderate to dense shrub layer dominated by dry-mesic tree species listed above, as well as more typical shrub species, such as <i>Vaccinium stamineum, Gaylussacia frondosa, Morella cerifera, Viburnum dentatum, Rhus copallinum</i>, and likely others. The herbaceous dominant is <i>Schizachyrium scoparium</i>, but other species typical of savanna vegetation are present, including <i>Eupatorium rotundifolium, Chrysopsis mariana, Rhynchosia reniformis, Solidago rugosa, Solidago odora, Seymeria cassioides</i>, and <i>Pityopsis graminifolia</i>. This association is documented in the Mid-Atlantic Coastal Plain, in the "wiregrass gap" of central South Carolina. This description is based on degraded stands documented at Congaree National Park, and may need alteration based on additional information. This type is intended to cover the concept of mesic to dry-mesic longleaf pine woodlands of the "wiregrass gap," i.e., the area in South Carolina between the range of <i>Aristida stricta</i> and <i>Aristida beyrichiana</i>. |
Comm #536
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Quercus alba - Quercus stellata - Carya carolinae-septentrionalis / Acer leucoderme - Cercis canadensis Forest
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accession code: urn:lsid:vegbank.org:commConcept:35960-{529F9ED4-2F44-4E90-92CD-4C8D94034EA4}
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NatureServe Biotics 2019 |
36
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This Piedmont forest occurs on soils derived from mafic rocks, in the Carolina Slate Belt and possibly elsewhere. The canopy is dominated by <i>Quercus alba</i> and <i>Quercus stellata</i>. Also present and diagnostic of this type are woody species indicative of rich, circumneutral, or mafic conditions in the region, especially <i>Carya carolinae-septentrionalis, Ostrya virginiana, Cercis canadensis var. canadensis, Acer leucoderme, Fraxinus americana</i>, and <i>Ulmus alata</i>. Other woody species may include <i>Carya glabra, Carya tomentosa, Pinus echinata, Juniperus virginiana var. virginiana, Cornus florida, Quercus phellos, Acer rubrum var. rubrum</i>, and <i>Ilex decidua</i>. Shrubs and woody vines include <i>Vaccinium arboreum</i> and <i>Vitis rotundifolia</i>. The herb stratum is sparse and has scattered individuals of species such as <i>Danthonia spicata, Clitoria mariana, Chimaphila maculata, Scleria</i> sp., and <i>Asplenium platyneuron</i>. |
Comm #537
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Pinus palustris / Quercus marilandica / Aristida beyrichiana - Tephrosia virginiana Woodland
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accession code: urn:lsid:vegbank.org:commConcept:36029-{723124B6-1529-4E2D-9680-39BE486AD726}
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NatureServe Biotics 2019 |
36
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This association occurs in subxeric habitats of the Fall-line Sandhills and inner South Atlantic Coastal Plain of South Carolina and Georgia south of the "wiregrass gap" region. Silt content in this type is one of the highest of any xeric-subxeric association with the geographic scope of South Carolina-Georgia. <i>Pinus palustris</i> and <i>Pinus taeda</i> often codominate in the overstory and form a relatively closed canopy. The subcanopy and scrub layers are fairly diverse with a mix of scrub oaks and hardwood components, including <i>Quercus marilandica, Quercus laevis, Quercus nigra, Prunus serotina, Diospyros virginiana, Gaylussacia dumosa, Nyssa sylvatica, Vaccinium arboreum, Vaccinium stamineum, Sassafras albidum, Toxicodendron pubescens</i>, and <i>Hypericum hypericoides</i>. Despite silty soils, the herbaceous layer is relatively species-poor and is dominated by <i>Aristida beyrichiana, Schizachyrium scoparium, Gelsemium sempervirens</i>, and <i>Tephrosia virginiana</i>. |
Comm #538
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Acer rubrum - Fraxinus nigra - Betula alleghaniensis / Veratrum viride - Carex bromoides Seep Forest
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accession code: urn:lsid:vegbank.org:commConcept:36483-{603299A2-59C3-4272-A673-B9553548D623}
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NatureServe Biotics 2019 |
36
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This community occupies groundwater-saturated stream headwaters, large spring seeps and runs, and lateral areas in ravine and stream bottoms where groundwater emerges at the base of slopes. It is most frequent and best developed on Catoctin Formation metabasalt (greenstone) of the Northern Blue Ridge and other base-rich substrates. Soil chemistry data indicate moderately high calcium and magnesium levels. Overstory composition is mixed, with <i>Acer rubrum, Fraxinus americana</i>, and <i>Liriodendron tulipifera</i> the most abundant species. <i>Fraxinus nigra</i> is a frequent overstory associate but more abundant and sometimes dominant in the understory, along with young <i>Acer rubrum</i> and <i>Fraxinus americana</i>. With increasing elevation, <i>Betula alleghaniensis</i> becomes increasingly important, codominating most stands above 760 m (2500 feet) in Virginia and in the Catoctin Mountains of Maryland. Minor tree associates include <i>Betula lenta</i> and <i>Tilia americana</i>. Canopy closure is often incomplete (mean stratum cover = 60-80%), most evidently because of blowdowns. Very wet microhabitats that impede the establishment and firm rooting of trees may also contribute to a somewhat open canopy. Shrub stratum diversity is moderately high; <i>Lindera benzoin</i> is usually the most abundant species, and considerable stratum cover is contributed by tree saplings. Other frequently occurring true shrubs are <i>Alnus serrulata, Carpinus caroliniana, Hamamelis virginiana, Ilex verticillata</i>, and <i>Sambucus nigra ssp. canadensis</i>. Except in local areas where shrubs are dense, herbaceous cover is high (mean stratum cover = 90%). One or both of the early-maturing forbs <i>Symplocarpus foetidus</i> (mostly at lower elevations) and <i>Veratrum viride</i> are usually dominant over substantial areas. Because of microtopographic diversity, herbaceous patch-mosaics are typical in this vegetation. More-or-less constant, sometimes locally abundant species include <i>Eurybia schreberi, Caltha palustris, Carex bromoides, Carex gynandra, Carex prasina, Chelone glabra, Chrysosplenium americanum, Cinna arundinacea, Dryopteris carthusiana, Dryopteris goldieana, Glyceria striata, Impatiens capensis, Osmunda cinnamomea, Osmunda regalis var. spectabilis, Ranunculus recurvatus, Saxifraga pensylvanica, Packera aurea, Sphenopholis pensylvanica, Thalictrum pubescens</i>, and <i>Viola cucullata</i>. Moss cover is often significant but only rarely includes <i>Sphagnum</i> spp. (not recorded in Virginia plots). Typical upland mesophytes commonly occur in well-drained hummock microhabitats and contribute to relatively high species-richness values for this type of wetland. |
Comm #539
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Liriodendron tulipifera - Quercus montana - (Tsuga canadensis) / Kalmia latifolia - (Rhododendron catawbiense) Forest
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accession code: urn:lsid:vegbank.org:commConcept:36572-{FBF53B25-203F-4D3E-BE8A-7C4848FA3674}
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NatureServe Biotics 2019 |
36
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This community type occurs somewhat locally throughout the Northern Blue Ridge and Ridge and Valley regions of west-central and northwestern Virginia and may extend into West Virginia. Sites are located between 275 and 760 m (900-2500 feet) elevation. Stands often occupy elongated, linear patches in mesic ravines with incising first-, second-, and third-order streams. Underlying bedrock includes several sandstone and shale formations, as well as igneous and metamorphic formations of the Blue Ridge. Vegetation is a hemlock-hardwood or mixed hardwood forest that usually, but not always, has a dense evergreen shrub layer. <i>Tsuga canadensis, Quercus montana, Liriodendron tulipifera, Acer rubrum, Betula lenta, Quercus rubra</i>, and <i>Nyssa sylvatica</i> are the most characteristic and abundant trees. <i>Fagus grandifolia, Magnolia acuminata, Pinus strobus</i>, and <i>Quercus alba</i> are minor and localized overstory associates. Understory tree layers are mostly composed of younger trees of the canopy species. <i>Kalmia latifolia, Hamamelis virginiana</i>, and <i>Acer pensylvanicum</i> are the most constant and abundant species of the shrub layer; less frequently <i>Menziesia pilosa, Rhododendron catawbiense</i>, and rarely <i>Rhododendron maximum</i> may form large colonies. The herb layer is typically sparse, but some stands have substantial cover by the clonal ferns <i>Dennstaedtia punctilobula</i> and/or <i>Thelypteris noveboracensis</i>. |
Comm #540
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CASSIOPE MERTENSIANA ALLIANCE
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accession code: VB.CC.9740.CASSIOPEMERTENS
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Jennings 2003. Vegetation alliances: composition and function. |
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