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Reference
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Description |
Comm #621
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Pinus palustris / Quercus laevis / Toxicodendron pubescens / Schizachyrium scoparium - Lespedeza hirta Woodland
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accession code: urn:lsid:vegbank.org:commConcept:32466-{B29755E4-49F1-4314-B8EA-067C8195B063}
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NatureServe Biotics 2019 |
31
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This subxeric association is found in the Fall-line Sandhills region and spans both the "wiregrass gap" of central South Carolina and northern Georgia just below the gap. Soils of this type contain a considerable amount of silt and hence species richness is higher than xeric types. The canopy is dominated by <i>Pinus palustris</i> and <i>Quercus laevis</i> and less commonly <i>Quercus incana</i> and <i>Quercus margarettae</i>. Constant and indicator species include <i>Vaccinium stamineum</i> and <i>Toxicodendron pubescens</i> in the shrub layer and <i>Schizachyrium scoparium, Eupatorium glaucescens, Lespedeza hirta, Silphium compositum</i>, and <i>Cirsium repandum</i> in the herbaceous layer. |
Comm #622
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Pinus elliottii / Serenoa repens - Ilex glabra Woodland
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accession code: urn:lsid:vegbank.org:commConcept:32515-{16689393-C8B5-437A-A2FB-E1D1A21E989D}
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NatureServe Biotics 2019 |
31
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This association is broadly defined to encompass the range of variation present in <i>Pinus elliottii var. elliottii</i> flatwoods ranging from Mississippi to South Carolina. This type is currently best known in Florida where it occurs in the panhandle (on Eglin Air Force Base), South Atlantic Coast (Osceola National Forest), and peninsula (Ocala National Forest). <i>Pinus elliottii var. elliottii</i> dominates the generally open canopy. <i>Pinus palustris</i> or <i>Gordonia lasianthus</i> and <i>Pinus serotina</i> can be present, even codominant. The dense shrub stratum consists primarily of <i>Ilex glabra</i> and <i>Serenoa repens</i>. The most common vine is <i>Smilax laurifolia</i>. The herbaceous flora is generally sparse or patchy. |
Comm #623
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Taxodium ascendens / Carex striata - Iris tridentata - (Woodwardia virginica) Swamp Woodland
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accession code: urn:lsid:vegbank.org:commConcept:32933-{04B46449-1EF7-4C29-8F54-6CDF25A6E46F}
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NatureServe Biotics 2019 |
31
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This pond-cypress depression association is found in coastal South Carolina and possibly in coastal Georgia and North Carolina. <i>Taxodium ascendens</i> dominates this primarily open-canopy wetland depression that may occur as a savanna or meadow with few trees. The herbaceous layer is typically overrun by mats of rhizomatous <i>Carex striata</i>. Zones of <i>Woodwardia virginica</i> (or occasionally <i>Panicum hemitomon</i>) are found in larger depressions. A variety of bay species occur intermixed among the <i>Carex striata</i>, with <i>Iris tridentata, Paspalum praecox, Eriocaulon compressum, Rhexia aristosa, Lobelia boykinii, Xyris</i> spp., and <i>Rhynchospora</i> spp. being most common. In the outer edges or drawdown zones, <i>Sarracenia flava</i> may be in abundance. This association is highly variable in composition depending upon the fire frequency, recent rainfall, and anthropogenic alterations to hydrology. |
Comm #624
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Populus angustifolia / Rhus trilobata Riparian Woodland
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accession code: urn:lsid:vegbank.org:commConcept:29561-{000FA456-C856-40A0-BD1D-2DC4BFBE4F2A}
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NatureServe Biotics 2019 |
31
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This deciduous riparian woodland occurs on dry upper stream terraces of perennial streams and on lower terraces or banks of intermittent stream courses in the mountains, canyons and plateaus of Utah, Colorado, Wyoming and Idaho. This community is one of the drier <i>Populus angustifolia</i> plant associations and rarely floods. Elevations range from 1360 to 2400 m (4265-7875 feet), with lower stands occurring in Idaho and higher stands at the southern end of the range. Slopes are gentle, and the lack of flooding is indicated by the fact that downed wood and litter cover most of the unvegetated ground surface. Substrates are well-drained, rocky alluvium. The association has an open upper tree canopy that is dominated by <i>Populus angustifolia</i> or <i>Populus x acuminata</i>. Other tree species in the canopy and subcanopy may include <i>Acer negundo, Populus deltoides, Pinus ponderosa, Pinus edulis</i>, and <i>Juniperus</i> spp. Tall shrubs, such as <i>Betula occidentalis, Prunus virginiana, Amelanchier utahensis, Salix monticola, Crataegus rivularis</i>, and <i>Quercus gambelii</i>, form an open layer. A moderately dense to dense short-shrub layer dominated by <i>Rhus trilobata</i> is diagnostic of this type. <i>Cornus sericea, Rosa woodsii, Symphoricarpos oreophilus, Artemisia tridentata, Chrysothamnus viscidiflorus, Ericameria parryi, Ribes montigenum, Forestiera pubescens, Berberis fendleri, Crataegus rivularis</i>, and <i>Symphoricarpos</i> spp. may also be present. The herbaceous layer is generally sparse but may be dense in openings where introduced grasses such as <i>Poa pratensis, Phragmites australis, Dactylis glomerata, Bromus inermis</i>, or <i>Bromus tectorum</i> may dominate. Introduced forbs may include <i>Cynoglossum officinale, Carduus nutans, Cirsium arvense, Melilotus officinalis</i>, or <i>Taraxacum officinale</i>. Common native forbs include <i>Maianthemum stellatum</i> and <i>Glycyrrhiza lepidota</i>, and the vine <i>Clematis ligusticifolia</i> is abundant in some stands. The mix of riparian and upland species indicates that this association occurs on riparian terraces that are in the process of becoming isolated from the water table. Over time as the stand continues to dry out, the more mesic species, such as <i>Betula occidentalis, Salix monticola</i>, and <i>Cornus sericea</i>, will be replaced by additional upland species. |
Comm #625
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Platanus occidentalis / Dichanthelium clandestinum - Festuca subverticillata Floodplain Forest
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accession code: urn:lsid:vegbank.org:commConcept:32877-{E087ECF4-6890-4D90-8000-25E4D50F8A85}
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NatureServe Biotics 2019 |
31
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This natural early-successional community occurs in the Southern Blue Ridge of North Carolina and Tennessee and presumably in the adjacent Piedmont and possibly Ridge and Valley, and likely occurs in adjacent states. It is found on coarse-textured or mixed-textured depositional bars and islands subject to frequent flooding and scouring. Soils are usually sandy, periodically droughty when exposed, and tightly packed in a matrix of cobbles or boulders. Local microsites may have a significant silt component and be poorly drained. The physiognomy of this community is extremely variable with frequency of disturbance and time since last disturbance. Vegetation is extremely variable in structure and composition. <i>Platanus occidentalis</i> is the most frequent woody dominant, with <i>Cornus amomum</i> also frequent. Other common woody species include <i>Fraxinus pennsylvanica, Liquidambar styraciflua, Salix nigra, Ulmus alata, Nyssa sylvatica</i>, and <i>Acer rubrum</i>. Herbaceous vegetation is often extremely diverse, and is a mixture of species shared with floodplain forests, upland forests, and weedy species. Species with frequency over 70% include <i>Dichanthelium clandestinum, Oenothera biennis, Elymus</i> spp., <i>Solidago rugosa, Verbesina alternifolia, Apios americana, Boehmeria cylindrica, Impatiens capensis, Juncus tenuis, Lycopus virginicus, Polygonum cespitosum var. longisetum, Viola sororia</i>, and the exotics <i>Artemisia vulgaris</i> and <i>Rumex crispus</i>. Vines are often present; <i>Clematis virginiana</i> and <i>Parthenocissus quinquefolia</i> occur with high frequency. |
Comm #626
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Carex atlantica - Solidago patula var. patula - Lilium grayi / Sphagnum bartlettianum Herbaceous Seep
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accession code: urn:lsid:vegbank.org:commConcept:33002-{33576C03-E121-43C1-9D45-5947B97DC2AB}
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NatureServe Biotics 2019 |
31
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This community is an open, graminoid-dominated wetland with significant cover of <i>Sphagnum</i> spp. It has a strong component of species of northern phytogeography occurring in combination with species endemic to the southern Appalachians, and in association with felsic gneisses or schists and acidic, nutrient-poor seepage. The dwarf-shrub (less than 0.5 m), <i>Vaccinium macrocarpon</i>, may be scattered throughout or be locally dominant. Typical dominants are <i>Carex echinata, Solidago patula var. patula, Carex leptalea, Carex atlantica, Rhynchospora capitellata, Scirpus atrovirens, Osmunda cinnamomea, Lysimachia terrestris, Vaccinium macrocarpon, Eriophorum virginicum</i>, and <i>Polytrichum commune</i>. Other characteristic species are <i>Arethusa bulbosa, Aulacomnium palustre, Bazzania trilobata, Calopogon tuberosus, Carex folliculata, Carex gynandra, Carex trisperma, Chelone cuthbertii, Juncus effusus, Juncus subcaudatus, Lilium grayi, Veratrum virginicum, Orontium aquaticum, Osmunda regalis var. spectabilis, Oxypolis rigidior, Parnassia asarifolia, Platanthera grandiflora, Poa paludigena, Rhizomnium appalachianum, Sagittaria latifolia, Scirpus cyperinus, Scirpus expansus, Scirpus polyphyllus, Packera aurea, Sphagnum bartlettianum, Sphagnum fallax, Sphagnum affine, Sphagnum palustre, Sphagnum recurvum, Spiraea alba, Spiraea tomentosa, Stenanthium gramineum var. robustum, Thelypteris palustris var. pubescens, Thelypteris simulata</i> (rarely), and <i>Rhizomnium appalachianum</i>. This community can occur on flat areas, in portions of valley bottoms that are not subject to flooding, but maintained hydrologically by rainwater and a high water table, or in the upper portions of stream watersheds, on slight slopes, hydrologically maintained by very nutrient-poor to fairly nutrient-rich seepage. |
Comm #627
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Nuphar advena Tidal Marsh
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accession code: urn:lsid:vegbank.org:commConcept:33260-{B2B859C1-6314-4A83-B02D-5092F1B8E0C8}
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NatureServe Biotics 2019 |
31
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This association comprises submerged freshwater tidal mudflats of coastal rivers along the Atlantic coast that are dominated by <i>Nuphar advena</i>. This association occurs at low elevations within freshwater tidal marshes, within tidal range but beyond the influence of salinity. It generally occurs below mean low-water level where water depth is approximately 1-3 m or less. It receives a relatively long duration of flooding and is infrequently exposed at only the lowest tides. The association occurs on unconsolidated tidal mudflats and submerged point bars of large coastal river meanders adjacent to open water of river or tidal creek channels. Substrate is silty alluvial mud that is reported to be high in organic matter content at some sites; soil samples from 10 Virginia sites for this vegetation vary in humic matter content from 2 to 26% (mean = 11.5%). Vegetation of this association is characterized by large clonal stands of dense leafy forbs dominated by <i>Nuphar advena</i>. Associated species tend to occur as scattered individuals and include <i>Peltandra virginica</i>, which can also be locally codominant, <i>Pontederia cordata, Zizania aquatica, Sagittaria latifolia, Bidens laevis, Acorus calamus</i>, and/or <i>Bolboschoenus fluviatilis</i>. <i>Nuphar advena</i> forms nearly monotypic stands early in the growing season. Associated species emerge later in the season and can eventually overtop <i>Nuphar</i> plants, which senesce and tend to become insect-infested in late summer. Submerged aquatic species can occur in this association, including <i>Potamogeton epihydrus, Ceratophyllum demersum</i>, and the invasive exotic <i>Hydrilla verticillata</i>. |
Comm #628
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Hibiscus moscheutos - Polygonum punctatum - Peltandra virginica Tidal Marsh
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accession code: urn:lsid:vegbank.org:commConcept:34828-{7EEC5F86-C248-422E-AD2E-B6E7AA6BDB12}
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NatureServe Biotics 2019 |
31
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This association is a diverse oligohaline marsh characterized by variable dominance of species found in the Chesapeake and Delaware bays. Species that form locally dominant patches can include <i>Polygonum arifolium, Hibiscus moscheutos, Polygonum punctatum, Peltandra virginica, Leersia oryzoides, Polygonum sagittatum, Mikania scandens, Spartina cynosuroides</i>, and <i>Toxicodendron radicans</i>, among others. All of these species are able to tolerate a broad range of halinity, and the high mean species richness of this type suggests that it is generally restricted to only slightly oligohaline habitats. <i>Typha angustifolia</i> and <i>Spartina cynosuroides</i> often form large dominance patches. Infrequently present are several species that are more specific to oligohaline conditions, including <i>Echinochloa walteri, Kosteletzkya virginica, Pluchea odorata, Rumex verticillatus, Sagittaria lancifolia</i>, and <i>Teucrium canadense</i>. The colonial sedge <i>Carex stricta </i>sometimes forms local dominance patches, characteristically on hummocks raised 20-25 cm above the primary marsh surface. |
Comm #629
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Liriodendron tulipifera - Platanus occidentalis - Betula lenta / Lindera benzoin / Circaea lutetiana ssp. canadensis Floodplain Forest
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accession code: urn:lsid:vegbank.org:commConcept:34902-{5785B3AB-CE31-4B34-A1A2-A1653833AE57}
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NatureServe Biotics 2019 |
31
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This community type occupies montane alluvial floodplains along more-or-less high-gradient streams and small rivers at the foot of the Blue Ridge in Virginia and Maryland. It appears to be confined to floodplains with relatively fertile alluvial deposits derived from metabasalt (greenstone), pyroxene-rich granites, or metasiltstone/phyllite. These habitats are typically narrow, nearly flat, and have complex, coarse, bouldery or cobbly microtopography and rocky streambeds. Soils are well-drained and moderately fertile. Most of the lower streamside terraces are probably flooded briefly at least annually. Larger floods are rare. However, periodic catastrophic floods associated with hurricanes or exceptionally large rainfall events may be very destructive to stream channels and vegetation. Many of these sites were probably cleared and/or subjected to multiple historical disturbances, including grazing and cultivation . This forest is composed primarily of mesophytic upland species with some admixture of species characteristic of alluvial and wetland habitats. Vegetation is generally species-rich and heterogeneous, with composition frequently shifting in association with microhabitat conditions and disturbance histories. The overstory typically contains many tree species. However, <i>Liriodendron tulipifera</i> is generally a constant codominant, while <i>Platanus occidentalis</i> is usually scattered and occasionally abundant. Other species that are important in some stands include <i>Acer negundo, Acer rubrum, Acer saccharum, Betula alleghaniensis, Betula lenta, Betula nigra, Carya cordiformis, Carya ovata, Fagus grandifolia, Fraxinus americana, Fraxinus pennsylvanica, Juglans nigra, Nyssa sylvatica, Quercus alba, Quercus montana, Quercus rubra, Tilia americana, Tsuga canadensis, Ulmus americana</i>, and <i>Ulmus rubra</i>. The understory contains saplings of the overstory species, along with <i>Asimina triloba, Carpinus caroliniana, Cornus florida, Corylus</i> spp., <i>Hamamelis virginiana, Lindera benzoin, Ostrya virginiana</i>, and <i>Viburnum prunifolium</i>. The herb layer is very diverse and dominated by numerous upland mesophytic species. Wet microhabitats typically support <i>Impatiens capensis, Carex intumescens, Carex tribuloides, Glyceria striata, Thalictrum pubescens, Viola cucullata</i>, and few other wetland plants. |
Comm #630
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Carex stricta - Carex vesicaria Wet Meadow
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accession code: urn:lsid:vegbank.org:commConcept:35055-{35434FE1-0092-4599-8A13-61128FA8A3C3}
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NatureServe Biotics 2019 |
31
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These tussock sedge meadows are distributed across the northeastern United States. They occur in seasonally flooded basins or on stream or lake margins. The substrate is peat or muck of variable depth overlying mineral soil. Standing water may be present only at the beginning of, or through much of, the growing season depending on the site and the year's precipitation; even when the water drops, the soils remain saturated. Microtopography is characterized by large tussocks, particularly when the hydroperiod is extended. The physiognomy is strongly herbaceous or, in some cases, herbs mixed with shrubs (up to 25% shrub cover); trees are absent. Bryophyte cover is usually sparse but may occasionally reach over 50%. <i>Carex stricta</i>, in its tussock form, is the usual dominant. <i>Carex vesicaria, Carex utriculata</i>, and <i>Calamagrostis canadensis</i> may also be locally abundant. Associated graminoids include <i>Carex atlantica, Carex canescens, Carex comosa, Carex folliculata, Carex scoparia, Carex stipata, Carex vulpinoidea, Glyceria canadensis, Dulichium arundinaceum, Juncus effusus, Leersia oryzoides</i>, and <i>Scirpus cyperinus</i>; forbs and ferns include <i>Asclepias incarnata, Thelypteris palustris, Eutrochium maculatum, Campanula aparinoides, Osmunda regalis, Comarum palustre, Lysimachia terrestris, Angelica atropurpurea, Eupatorium perfoliatum, Lycopus americanus, Polygonum hydropiperoides, Galium obtusum, Polygonum sagittatum, Galium tinctorium</i>, and others. <i>Lythrum salicaria</i> may be invasive in some settings. Shrub associates vary with geography. In the northern part of the range, <i>Alnus incana, Myrica gale, Ilex verticillata, Chamaedaphne calyculata</i>, and <i>Spiraea alba</i> are often present. Bryophytes, where present, include <i>Sphagnum magellanicum, Sphagnum girgensohnii, Sphagnum palustre, Drepanocladus aduncus</i>, and others. This association is differentiated from other wet meadows by the strong dominance of <i>Carex stricta</i>. |
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