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Reference
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Description |
Comm #911
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Cyrilla racemiflora - Zenobia pulverulenta Wet Shrubland
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accession code: urn:lsid:vegbank.org:commConcept:32792-{D5B343E9-E3BF-4FBB-BEAA-F0B721C2E9DD}
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NatureServe Biotics 2019 |
21
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Stands of this type are mixed evergreen-deciduous low pocosins of peat domes (ombrotrophic blanket bogs) of the Outer Coastal Plain of North Carolina. The shrub height (0.5-2 m) is maintained by extremely poor nutrient status and (secondarily) by occasional fire. This shrubland has very scattered, stunted (less than 5 m tall) <i>Pinus serotina</i> (less than 10% cover). This association includes low pocosins of the Green Swamp TNC Preserve, Holly Shelter, Croatan National Forest, etc. Stands are dominated by <i>Cyrilla racemiflora</i> and <i>Zenobia pulverulenta</i>. Other characteristic species include <i>Ilex coriacea</i> and <i>Lyonia lucida</i>. |
Comm #912
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Rhynchospora (careyana, inundata) Marsh
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accession code: urn:lsid:vegbank.org:commConcept:32976-{865DA6BD-6E7A-4CBF-85A6-F631FEAA2D83}
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NatureServe Biotics 2019 |
21
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These are seasonally flooded upland depressions dominated by <i>Rhynchospora inundata</i> and/or <i>Rhynchospora careyana</i> found in the southeastern Coastal Plain of the United States from North Carolina to Florida. This is a broadly defined type, and additional types may be developed as more information becomes available. Some additional species that may be present in stands of this type include <i>Panicum hemitomon, Panicum verrucosum, Rhynchospora cephalantha, Rhynchospora filifolia, Andropogon capillipes, Xyris fimbriata, Xyris</i> sp., <i>Lachnanthes caroliana, Fuirena</i> sp., <i>Lycopodiella appressa, Eupatorium leptophyllum, Pontederia cordata, Solidago latissimifolia</i>, and <i>Triadenum virginicum</i>. Floating aquatic plants such as <i>Nymphaea odorata</i> and <i>Nymphoides aquatica</i> may be present. The low cover of woody plants may be provided by <i>Hypericum brachyphyllum</i> and seedlings of <i>Pinus elliottii</i>. |
Comm #913
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Betula alleghaniensis - Tilia americana var. heterophylla / Acer spicatum / Ribes cynosbati / Dryopteris marginalis Forest
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accession code: urn:lsid:vegbank.org:commConcept:33750-{7CEA006C-0547-4817-B406-04E909AFF194}
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NatureServe Biotics 2019 |
21
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This association includes boulderfield forests of the Southern Appalachians, with abundant <i>Betula alleghaniensis</i>, but in habitats that allow for more diverse canopies, including other species such as <i>Aesculus flava, Betula lenta</i>, and <i>Tilia americana var. heterophylla</i>. This community occurs in a cool, humid climate, on steep, rocky, northwest- to northeast-facing, middle to upper concave slopes, or in saddles between ridges, at moderate to high elevations (610-1220 m [2000-4000 feet]) of the Blue Ridge and possibly ranging into the Cumberland Mountains and adjacent Ridge and Valley and Appalachian Plateau provinces. It grows on bouldery talus and is often associated with small streams and seepage. <i>Betula alleghaniensis</i> in the canopy are often stunted and gnarled, with roots that may have grown to encircle the boulders. The canopy is much more open than the surrounding forest and tree windthrow is common, leaving patches of exposed mineral soil and gaps in the canopy. A woody layer of shrubs and vines is usually well-developed. Rooting opportunities for most herbaceous plants is limited because of the development of this community on periglacial boulderfields of blocky talus, thus herbaceous cover is only sparse to moderate. Typical shrubs and vines which are more abundant in this type than in other associations in this alliance include <i>Acer spicatum, Aristolochia macrophylla, Hydrangea arborescens, Parthenocissus quinquefolia, Toxicodendron radicans, Vitis</i> spp., <i>Ribes cynosbati</i>, and <i>Ribes rotundifolium</i>. <i>Dryopteris marginalis</i> is often an abundant herb. This type is conceptually similar to <i>~Betula alleghaniensis / Ribes glandulosum / Polypodium appalachianum</i> Forest (CEGL006124)$$, which is more restricted to more extreme boulderfield situations at high elevations (1370-1615 m [4500-5300 feet]). The association described here generally occurs at lower elevations in less extreme environmental situations and lacks species characteristic of high elevations. However, it ranges to higher elevations than the typical rich cove forests with which it shares canopy species. Similar <i>Betula alleghaniensis</i>-dominated forests occur on glaciated rocky slopes in the upper mid-Atlantic and in the northeastern United States. The <i>Betula alleghaniensis</i>-dominated periglacial boulderfields of the southern Appalachian Mountains are distinguished from the northern forests by the occurrence of Southern Appalachian endemic species, better developed shrub layers and slightly less species diversity. |
Comm #914
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Quercus rubra - Carya (glabra, ovata) / Ostrya virginiana / Carex lucorum Forest
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accession code: urn:lsid:vegbank.org:commConcept:34948-{6A37B20D-F161-49CC-A9F8-8357469EE737}
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NatureServe Biotics 2019 |
21
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This association is a dry, rich oak-hickory forest of the northeastern United States, occurring from Maine and Vermont to Pennsylvania and northern New Jersey. It is dominated by a mixture of hickories and oaks over a hop-hornbeam subcanopy with or without a parklike sedge lawn. The vegetation occurs on low-elevation ridgetops, upper slopes, south- or west-facing sideslopes, and is supported by well-drained loams or sandy loams, often derived from alkaline bedrock. The tree canopy, which ranges from nearly closed forest to partially open woodland, is dominated by a mixture of <i>Carya glabra, Carya ovata, Carya ovalis, Quercus rubra, Quercus alba, Quercus velutina</i>, with occasional <i>Ostrya virginiana</i> and <i>Acer rubrum</i>. Minor associates include <i>Acer saccharum, Pinus strobus</i>, and <i>Fraxinus americana</i>. A subcanopy of <i>Ostrya virginiana</i> is conspicuous in most areas. Additional species in the subcanopy or tall-shrub layer that occur in lower abundance can include <i>Hamamelis virginiana, Cornus florida, Amelanchier arborea, Acer pensylvanicum</i>, and <i>Viburnum acerifolium</i>. Low shrubs can include <i>Vaccinium angustifolium, Vaccinium pallidum, Rubus idaeus</i>, or <i>Viburnum rafinesquianum</i>. The herb layer can range from a sedge lawn of <i>Carex lucorum</i>, with some <i>Carex pensylvanica, Carex woodii, Carex appalachica</i>, or <i>Carex rosea</i>, to a more patchy herbaceous layer with sedges in addition to scattered <i>Elymus hystrix, Bromus pubescens, Ageratina altissima, Festuca subverticillata, Uvularia perfoliata, Aralia nudicaulis, Maianthemum racemosum, Desmodium glutinosum, Desmodium paniculatum, Prenanthes alba, Solidago bicolor, Hepatica nobilis var. obtusa, Carex</i> (Laxiflorae group), <i>Deschampsia flexuosa, Packera paupercula, Packera obovata, Symphyotrichum undulatum, Symphyotrichum patens, Polystichum acrostichoides</i>, and <i>Dichanthelium</i> spp. Spring ephemerals such as <i>Erythronium americanum</i> and <i>Claytonia virginica</i> also occur in some portions of the range. |
Comm #915
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Carex prairea - Carex stricta - Pycnanthemum virginianum Fen
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accession code: urn:lsid:vegbank.org:commConcept:35178-{0CDAA930-EA6B-4B16-A528-AAC0720ACFD3}
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NatureServe Biotics 2019 |
21
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This open fen vegetation of western and central Pennsylvania is characterized by deep peat and high base status. Although groundwater-fed, obvious emergence of springs is lacking. The physiognomy is graminoid or mixed with forbs, sometimes with scattered shrubs. Occurrences are variable, but are often characterized by sedges such as <i>Carex prairea, Carex stricta</i>, and <i>Carex tetanica</i>. Associated sedges include <i>Carex hystericina, Carex interior, Carex leptalea, Carex lasiocarpa</i>, and <i>Carex sterilis</i>. Associated forbs and graminoids include <i>Cirsium muticum, Epilobium leptophyllum, Eupatorium maculatum, Juncus arcticus ssp. littoralis, Maianthemum stellatum, Muhlenbergia glomerata, Polemonium reptans, Pycnanthemum virginianum, Solidago patula, Thelypteris palustris, Verbena hastata</i>, and <i>Typha latifolia</i>. A ground layer of mosses such as <i>Campylium stellatum</i> and <i>Thuidium delicatulum</i> is typical. At least some examples of this vegetation have a history of land clearing for pasturing, and several are maintained in an open condition at present. |
Comm #916
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Spiraea tomentosa - Rubus spp. / Phalaris arundinacea Ruderal Wet Shrubland
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accession code: urn:lsid:vegbank.org:commConcept:35196-{1E518113-EE59-404F-A58D-4125ECB61153}
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NatureServe Biotics 2019 |
21
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This wet meadow vegetation of the northeastern states occurs in a variety of settings, most frequently in low-lying areas of old fields or pastures, headwater basins, or beaver-impacted wetlands. The physiognomy is complex and variable, ranging from shrub thicket to herbaceous meadow with scattered shrubs. Shrub species usually include <i>Spiraea tomentosa, Spiraea alba var. alba, Cornus amomum, Rubus allegheniensis, Rubus hispidus, Salix</i> spp., and others. <i>Hypericum densiflorum</i> often occurs in the Central Appalachians. The invasive exotic shrubs <i>Lonicera morrowii</i> and <i>Rosa multiflora</i> may be locally abundant. Associated herbaceous species are also variable in composition, depending on land-use history. Commonly seen are <i>Phalaris arundinacea, Solidago rugosa, Solidago gigantea, Solidago canadensis, Juncus effusus, Scirpus cyperinus, Scirpus expansus, Leersia oryzoides, Calamagrostis canadensis, Carex scoparia, Carex folliculata, Carex lurida, Carex lupulina, Carex vulpinoidea, Carex trichocarpa, Vernonia noveboracensis, Triadenum virginicum, Lycopus uniflorus, Impatiens capensis, Eupatorium maculatum, Polygonum sagittatum, Thelypteris palustris, Onoclea sensibilis, Eleocharis</i> spp., and others. The invasive species <i>Microstegium vimineum, Lythrum salicaria</i>, and <i>Phragmites australis</i> can be abundant or form monocultures in these wetlands. Successional wet meadows in the Coastal Plain of New Jersey can include scattered patches of <i>Liquidambar styraciflua</i> and <i>Morella pensylvanica</i>, and more predominantly grassy patches of <i>Andropogon virginicus, Panicum rigidulum, Panicum virgatum</i>, and <i>Spiraea tomentosa</i>. |
Comm #917
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Tsuga canadensis - Quercus rubra - Platanus occidentalis / Rhododendron maximum / Anemone quinquefolia Forest
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accession code: urn:lsid:vegbank.org:commConcept:35238-{4208C1FA-8CEF-4922-AD51-5F7399DC16A3}
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NatureServe Biotics 2019 |
21
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This association is a mixed evergreen-deciduous floodplain forest, usually with a somewhat open canopy, with <i>Tsuga canadensis</i> prominent in the canopy and/or subcanopy. It occurs in small patches on higher floodplains of medium-sized streams which are infrequently flooded. Along smaller streams, stands may occur in positions subject to more frequent, low-energy floods. Mature stands along rivers may represent late-successional vegetation on stabilized terraces, but succession may be reversed by renewed scouring and bank erosion as rivers migrate across their floodplains. Microtopography is characterized by fluvial features including levees and swales. Codominant trees include <i>Tsuga canadensis, Acer rubrum var. rubrum, Liriodendron tulipifera</i>, and <i>Quercus rubra</i>. Mature stands have <i>Tsuga canadensis</i> codominant in the canopy layer, but younger stands may have dominance by this shade-tolerant species in the lower strata. Additional trees include <i>Betula lenta, Fagus grandifolia, Fraxinus pennsylvanica, Robinia pseudoacacia</i>, and <i>Sassafras albidum</i>. Tree species that characterize this association as a floodplain forest, including <i>Platanus occidentalis</i> and <i>Betula nigra</i>, usually occur at low cover. Shrub layers may have moderate to dense cover and are dominated by <i>Rhododendron maximum</i>. Herb layers are sparse and species-poor but usually include a few species more typical of floodplains than of upland hemlock forests, such as <i>Amphicarpaea bracteata, Arisaema triphyllum, Cryptotaenia canadensis</i>, and <i>Rudbeckia laciniata</i>. |
Comm #918
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Acer saccharum - Tilia americana / Acer pensylvanicum / Caulophyllum thalictroides Forest
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accession code: urn:lsid:vegbank.org:commConcept:35253-{8FCB728F-59F6-47B2-ADAE-F078DA677724}
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NatureServe Biotics 2019 |
21
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This rich sugar maple - white ash - basswood forest is found from the Allegheny Plateau of Pennsylvania and New York, the Lake Ontario and Lake Erie plains and Lower New England, south to the Central Appalachian region of western Virginia and eastern West Virginia. Stands occur on nutrient-rich, mesic or wet-mesic settings on sloped to rolling terrain. Slope bottoms, where colluvium collects, are a common landscape position. The surface soils are deep sand, loamy sand, or loam and may be underlain by sandy clay loam to clay loam. The sites are somewhat poorly drained to well-drained and can have a water table 0.4-2 m below the surface. Small (<1 ha) seep areas that may occur within these forests have soils that are usually saturated. This forest community has a well-developed tree canopy composed of deciduous species. Shrubs are scattered, but the herbaceous stratum is generally extensive. Bryoids are only a minor component of the ground layer, which is predominantly nitrogen-rich sugar maple leaves. <i>Acer saccharum</i> and <i>Tilia americana</i> are the dominant trees; <i>Fraxinus americana</i> is frequent but not necessarily abundant. <i>Ostrya virginiana</i> is very common as a small tree. <i>Acer rubrum, Fagus grandifolia</i>, and <i>Prunus serotina</i> are typical associates, in small amounts. <i>Ulmus rubra</i> and <i>Juglans cinerea</i> are occasional, <i>Magnolia acuminata</i> infrequent. Shrubs that may be found in this community include <i>Cornus alternifolia, Hamamelis virginiana</i>, and <i>Lonicera canadensis</i>. The ground flora, including many spring ephemerals, is diverse and consists primarily of nutrient- and light-requiring species. Many of these flower and fruit early in the spring before the tree canopy has fully leafed out. Fern richness is often high. Various sedges are present (particularly the Laxiflorae). These forests are differentiated from less-rich northern hardwood forests, e.g., ~<i>Acer saccharum - Fagus grandifolia - Fraxinus americana / Arisaema triphyllum</i> Forest (CEGL006632)$$, primarily by their abundant and diverse herbaceous layer, as well as by the greater prominence of sugar maple, basswood and ash in the canopy and reduced importance of beech. |
Comm #919
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Nyssa biflora - Acer rubrum / Lyonia lucida Floodplain Forest
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accession code: urn:lsid:vegbank.org:commConcept:36049-{64D0B454-60F2-4CF0-8394-A568B8D0F317}
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NatureServe Biotics 2019 |
21
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These forests occur on floodplains of the inner South Atlantic Coastal Plain and adjacent East Gulf Coastal Plain, including the Sandhills region, of Georgia and adjacent South Carolina. They are dominated by <i>Nyssa biflora</i> and <i>Acer rubrum var. rubrum</i>, with varying amounts of <i>Quercus laurifolia, Quercus lyrata, Fraxinus caroliniana</i>, and <i>Ilex opaca</i> in the canopy and subcanopy. <i>Liquidambar styraciflua</i> and <i>Liriodendron tulipifera</i> may also occur in some examples, especially following timber removal or natural disturbance. In addition, <i>Fraxinus pennsylvanica</i> and <i>Carpinus caroliniana</i> are reported from some examples. Shrubs may include <i>Itea virginica, Leucothoe axillaris</i>, and <i>Lyonia lucida</i>. Some typical vines include <i>Nekemias arborea, Parthenocissus quinquefolia, Toxicodendron radicans</i>, and <i>Smilax laurifolia</i>. Herb diversity is low, but species present may include <i>Boehmeria cylindrica, Carex</i> spp., <i>Commelina virginica, Dulichium arundinaceum, Hydrocotyle verticillata, Justicia ovata, Saururus cernuus, Triadenum</i> spp., <i>Viola</i> spp., and <i>Woodwardia areolata</i>. This community typically grades up into Southern Mixed Hardwood Forest. |
Comm #920
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Sedge - Mixed Forb Fen
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accession code: urn:lsid:ecoobs.vegbank.org:commConcept:17624-{9CC91585-D416-4191-851C-236A14FD9153}
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Zimmerman et al. 2012 |
21
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