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Reference
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Description |
Comm #951
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Acer rubrum - Fraxinus pennsylvanica / Packera aurea - Carex bromoides - Pilea fontana Swamp Forest
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accession code: urn:lsid:vegbank.org:commConcept:35056-{5B6594B9-100B-47A0-B78D-5823D4A95932}
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NatureServe Biotics 2019 |
20
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This calcareous seepage swamp occurs on the Virginia Coastal Plain on groundwater-saturated stream bottoms in ravines that have cut into Tertiary shell deposits or limesands. Braided streams and hummock-and-hollow microtopography are characteristic of the environmental setting. Soils are highly calcareous with pH values up to 7.4 and calcium levels that range up to 6000 ppm. The tree canopy is consistently codominated by <i>Fraxinus pennsylvanica</i> and <i>Acer rubrum</i> with a few other species locally important. The shrub layer is typically open and contains <i>Lindera benzoin, Morella cerifera, Carpinus caroliniana</i>, and <i>Cornus foemina</i>. Vines are often abundant, especially <i>Decumaria barbara</i>. The herb layer is dense, lush, and clearly divisible into two relatively discrete assemblages that occupy hummocks and mucky hollows, respectively. The most constant patch-dominants of the relatively well-drained hummocks are <i>Packera aurea</i> and <i>Carex bromoides</i>. Characteristic patch-dominants of the wet, mucky hollows are <i>Pilea fontana, Bidens laevis, Saururus cernuus, Cicuta maculata var. maculata, Impatiens capensis</i>, and <i>Glyceria striata</i>. Other common or noteworthy herbs include <i>Caltha palustris, Thelypteris palustris var. pubescens, Carex granularis, Scirpus lineatus, Orontium aquaticum, Pedicularis lanceolata, Liparis loeselii</i>, and <i>Carex tetanica</i>. |
Comm #952
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Platanus occidentalis / Aesculus flava Floodplain Forest
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accession code: urn:lsid:vegbank.org:commConcept:35105-{840D23D4-BB86-4FC5-B713-477501A190E2}
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NatureServe Biotics 2019 |
20
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This floodplain forest community has been documented from rivers of West Virginia's Ohio River drainage (the western slope), including the Cheat, Greenbrier, Tygart Valley, and Bluestone rivers. It occupies stabilized terraces and levees subject to periodic overbank flooding. The microtopography is complex, with levee development along the river's edge, and swales and flatter terraces behind the levees. The alluvial soils are derived primarily from acidic sandstones and shales and range from silt to sandy loams. Measured soil pH is 4.5-6.3. The vegetation is characterized by a tall canopy of <i>Platanus occidentalis</i> with <i>Liriodendron tulipifera</i> and/or <i>Fagus grandifolia</i> over a subcanopy of <i>Aesculus flava</i>. <i>Prunus serotina</i> and <i>Acer saccharum</i> are common codominants. <i>Platanus occidentalis</i> is often concentrated as a line along the immediate river's edge. <i>Carpinus caroliniana</i> is a typical small tree and <i>Lindera benzoin</i> a typical shrub. <i>Asimina triloba</i> and <i>Viburnum prunifolium</i> are associated shrubs. <i>Hydrophyllum virginianum, Mertensia virginica, Elymus hystrix, Packera aurea, Symphyotrichum prenanthoides</i>, and <i>Viola cucullata</i> are characteristic herbs. <i>Verbesina alternifolia, Amphicarpaea bracteata, Boehmeria cylindrica</i>, and <i>Pilea pumila var. pumila</i> are frequent and may be abundant in the herb layer. The exotic herbs <i>Microstegium vimineum</i> and <i>Glechoma hederacea</i> are sometimes locally abundant, and <i>Alliaria petiolata, Hesperis matronalis, Hypericum perforatum</i>, and <i>Prunella vulgaris</i> may also be present. |
Comm #953
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Tsuga canadensis - Fagus grandifolia - Quercus (montana, alba) Forest
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accession code: urn:lsid:vegbank.org:commConcept:35112-{E0FFEE56-4A37-4CE6-8ADE-A3C1CBB52A56}
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NatureServe Biotics 2019 |
20
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This association is known from steep, north-facing sites along rivers and large streams in the Piedmont, Central Appalachians, and rarely the Inner Coastal Plain, of Virginia and Maryland. It typically occurs on steep, sheltered bluffs, slopes, and ravines with northerly aspects and infertile soils weathered from acidic or intermediate metamorphic and sedimentary rocks. Composition is usually that of a mixed forest, with overstory codominance by <i>Tsuga canadensis</i>, which is most abundant, and several hardwoods, most frequently <i>Fagus grandifolia, Quercus alba</i>, and/or <i>Quercus montana</i>. <i>Tsuga canadensis, Fagus grandifolia</i>, and <i>Quercus montana</i> are most constant, with <i>Tsuga</i> and <i>Fagus</i> typically having high cover in the understory and shrub, as well as overstory layers. <i>Liriodendron tulipifera, Quercus rubra, Acer rubrum</i>, and <i>Nyssa sylvatica</i> are constant but minor overstory associates. <i>Acer rubrum</i> and <i>Nyssa sylvatica</i> also occur commonly in the understory. <i>Quercus alba</i> and <i>Betula lenta</i> are less constant in the overstory mixtures, but each is important in a subset of stands. True shrubs are often sparse but frequently include <i>Viburnum acerifolium, Kalmia latifolia, Hamamelis virginiana, Rhododendron periclymenoides</i>, and scrambling vines of <i>Smilax rotundifolia</i>. The herb layer is generally sparse to very sparse, but a number of species frequently occur at low cover, including <i>Eurybia divaricata, Polystichum acrostichoides, Medeola virginiana, Dioscorea quaternata, Maianthemum racemosum ssp. racemosum, Thelypteris noveboracensis, Goodyera pubescens</i>, and <i>Carex digitalis</i>. Less constant herbs that are occasionally important include <i>Hexastylis virginica, Epigaea repens, Dryopteris marginalis, Polypodium virginianum</i>, and <i>Dennstaedtia punctilobula</i>. |
Comm #954
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Eragrostis hypnoides - Ludwigia palustris - Lindernia dubia - Cyperus squarrosus Riverbar Wet Meadow
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accession code: urn:lsid:vegbank.org:commConcept:35120-{7776BC51-6AB5-4F50-9AD0-4A23C85F81FF}
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NatureServe Biotics 2019 |
20
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This association occurs along major rivers in the Piedmont and mountains of Maryland, Virginia, West Virginia, and the District of Columbia. It occupies the lowest parts of riverbanks or very low rivershore depositional bars in areas that receive essentially full sunlight. These habitats are inundated for most of the winter and spring and are generally consistently exposed only from early summer to early autumn (i.e., the "drawdown" zone). During wet years they may be nearly continuously inundated. The type usually occurs as a narrow strip (frequently <2 m wide) along the shoreline. This association may also develop, sometimes as very large (>1 ha) patches, on the drawdown shores and seasonally exposed islands of impounded rivers. Vegetation of stands varies from sparse to dense (10-80% cover) and is characterized by low-growing mats of predominantly annual species, with some low, fast-growing perennials also present. <i>Eragrostis hypnoides, Ludwigia palustris, Lindernia dubia var. dubia</i>, and <i>Cyperus squarrosus</i> are constant and often abundant. Other characteristic annuals (and biennials) are <i>Acalypha rhomboidea, Ammannia coccinea, Artemisia annua, Bidens frondosa, Chamaesyce humistrata, Chamaesyce maculata, Dysphania ambrosioides, Cyperus bipartitus, Cyperus odoratus, Diodia virginiana, Echinochloa crus-galli, Eclipta prostrata, Elsholtzia ciliata, Eragrostis frankii, Fimbristylis autumnalis, Hypericum mutilum, Lindernia dubia var. anagallidea, Lindernia dubia var. dubia, Lipocarpha micrantha, Mollugo verticillata, Panicum dichotomiflorum var. dichotomiflorum, Panicum gattingeri, Paspalum fluitans, Polygonum cespitosum var. longisetum, Rorippa palustris ssp. fernaldiana, Rotala ramosior, Solanum ptycanthum</i>, and <i>Xanthium strumarium</i>. Frequent perennials include <i>Boehmeria cylindrica, Cyperus strigosus, Leersia virginica, Justicia americana, Lycopus americanus, Mimulus alatus, Penthorum sedoides, Phyla lanceolata, Rorippa sylvestris</i>, and <i>Samolus valerandi ssp. parviflorus</i>. Stranded mats of <i>Heteranthera dubia</i> are also frequent. Seedlings of taller annuals and perennials such as <i>Hibiscus laevis, Eupatorium</i> spp., and <i>Polygonum</i> spp. are also frequent but rarely reach full stature. Overhanging trees of <i>Platanus occidentalis</i> and <i>Acer saccharinum</i> may be present, as well as saplings of <i>Betula nigra</i>. |
Comm #955
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Nyssa biflora - (Taxodium distichum) / Clethra alnifolia - Viburnum nudum / Woodwardia areolata Floodplain Forest
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accession code: urn:lsid:vegbank.org:commConcept:35370-{8E20668A-889E-422C-B1DE-C56F77A09B1F}
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NatureServe Biotics 2019 |
20
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This association includes seasonally flooded forests in acidic Coastal Plain bottomlands of southeastern and east-central Virginia, the Maryland Eastern Shore, and likely Delaware. It occurs along headwater swamps, and occasionally larger river backswamps, in sandy, nutrient-poor portions of the Coastal Plain. Soils are often organic or contain high organic matter content. Forest vegetation is generally dominated by <i>Nyssa biflora</i>, often with associated hardwoods such as <i>Acer rubrum, Liquidambar styraciflua, Quercus laurifolia, Quercus nigra</i>, and <i>Magnolia virginiana</i>. Although absent from many stands, <i>Taxodium distichum</i> is occasionally an important overstory associate. The understory is characterized by sparse to often dense cover of acidophilic, ericaceous and non-ericaceous shrubs such as <i>Eubotrys racemosa, Vaccinium formosum, Vaccinium fuscatum, Clethra alnifolia, Viburnum nudum, Itea virginica, Ilex verticillata</i>, and <i>Arundinaria tecta</i>. The herb layer varies from sparse to well-developed, with characteristic species such as <i>Woodwardia areolata, Saururus cernuus</i>, and others. |
Comm #956
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Tsuga caroliniana - (Tsuga canadensis) / Rhododendron maximum Forest
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accession code: urn:lsid:vegbank.org:commConcept:35442-{87D57654-A5E1-4D0A-B896-E3EE5B734775}
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NatureServe Biotics 2019 |
20
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This association encompasses <i>Tsuga caroliniana</i> forests on valley bottoms, gorge slopes, or other protected landforms. <i>Tsuga canadensis</i> or <i>Pinus strobus</i> may share the canopy with <i>Tsuga caroliniana</i>. The shrub stratum is typically dense and dominated by <i>Rhododendron maximum</i>. <i>Galax urceolata</i> is a common understory component. |
Comm #957
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Tsuga caroliniana / Kalmia latifolia - Rhododendron catawbiense Forest
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accession code: urn:lsid:vegbank.org:commConcept:35443-{216EC260-FB7F-47B3-8303-8574DF7F3CE7}
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NatureServe Biotics 2019 |
20
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These forests occur with canopies dominated by <i>Tsuga caroliniana</i>, without admixtures of <i>Pinus</i> species, although <i>Quercus montana</i> may be present as a minor component. Shrub strata tend to be dense and dominated by ericaceous species such as <i>Kalmia latifolia, Rhododendron catawbiense</i>, and <i>Rhododendron minus</i>. Other minor components may include <i>Pinus virginiana, Pinus rigida, Pinus pungens, Nyssa sylvatica</i>, and <i>Quercus coccinea</i>. Other characteristic species can include <i>Xerophyllum asphodeloides, Eubotrys recurva, Polypodium appalachianum, Smilax rotundifolia</i>. This forest occurs in the upper Piedmont and Southern Blue Ridge, on narrow ridges and upper north-facing rocky slopes. |
Comm #958
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Pinus palustris / Quercus minima / Aristida beyrichiana - Carphephorus odoratissimus Woodland
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accession code: urn:lsid:vegbank.org:commConcept:35445-{404BF243-B076-4E99-9E2F-1ED4417C05FE}
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NatureServe Biotics 2019 |
20
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This subxeric community occurs in the Apalachicola Embayment region of the Florida Panhandle lowlands physiographic province, east of the Apalachicola River. Generalizations regarding soil types are difficult, as this association inhabits Entisols, Ultisols, and Spodosols. However, deposits are all of Pleistocene origin. Soils are typically moderately well-drained and located on low rises embedded in large landscapes of mesic flatwoods. This association has strong mesic flatwoods affinities, which is not surprising considering its landscape context. <i>Pinus palustris</i> is the canopy dominant; the midstory is strongly dominated by <i>Quercus laevis</i>, but <i>Quercus incana</i>, and <i>Quercus hemisphaerica</i> may also be present. The subshrub ground cover is remarkable in its mixture of typically sandhill and flatwoods species; <i>Licania michauxii</i> (typical of sandhills) co-occurs with an assortment of flatwoods subshrubs, including <i>Gaylussacia dumosa, Ilex glabra, Serenoa repens, Vaccinium myrsinites, Morella cerifera</i>, and <i>Quercus minima</i>. The herbaceous layer is dominated by <i>Aristida beyrichiana</i>. Herbaceous indicators include several species typical of mesic flatwoods, such as <i>Carphephorus odoratissimus, Mimosa microphylla</i>, and <i>Symphyotrichum adnatum</i>. |
Comm #959
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Robinia pseudoacacia Ruderal Forest
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accession code: urn:lsid:vegbank.org:commConcept:35533-{72F3410B-D818-487C-B89F-64DE02D84DD0}
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NatureServe Biotics 2019 |
20
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This black locust ruderal forest is found locally throughout the eastern United States. Stands often establish on old fields abandoned after agricultural cropping or pasturing or around old homesites. In some areas it occurs on post-agricultural floodplain terraces. This vegetation has also become established following the planting of <i>Robinia pseudoacacia</i> to stabilize and enrich nutrient-poor soils that are subject to erosion. The vegetation is dominated by <i>Robinia pseudoacacia</i>. Associated woody species vary from site to site and include <i>Prunus serotina, Juniperus virginiana, Ulmus americana, Ulmus rubra, Carya ovata, Celtis occidentalis, Juglans nigra, Quercus rubra, Ulmus rubra</i>, and in some areas <i>Acer platanoides</i> or <i>Ailanthus altissima</i>. Understory vegetation is highly variable depending on site history and often includes <i>Toxicodendron radicans</i>; <i>Lindera benzoin</i> is sometimes present. The invasive non-native <i>Rosa multiflora</i> may be present as a shrub, along with the non-native bramble <i>Rubus phoenicolasius</i>. Non-native species such as <i>Alliaria petiolata, Chelidonium majus, Glechoma hederacea</i>, and <i>Convallaria majalis</i> can characterize the herb layer, which may also have a native component. |
Comm #960
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Red oak - mixed hardwood forest
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accession code: urn:lsid:vegbank.org/ecoObs:commConcept:17566-{19B5B264-5405-44BE-B93E-8508217B4442}
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Zimmerman et al. 2012 |
20
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